Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative insights into influences of co-contamination by rare-earth elements and heavy metals on soil bacterial and fungal communities

  • Soils, Sec 5 • Soil and Landscape Ecology • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Soils and Sediments Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Rare-earth elements (REEs) have been listed as emerging pollutants, and REEs often occur together with heavy metals (HMs) in the environment. Large amounts of REEs and their coexisting HMs enter into the surrounding soils through dust, surface runoff, and leachate, causing serious REE and HM co-contamination and resulting in ecological crisis. The ecological effects caused by REEs have been gradually concerned, but ignore the synergistic effect of coexistence with HMs. Soil microorganisms are closely related to the soil ecosystem stability. At present, under long-term REE–HM disturbance, the response of bacterial and fungal communities and the effects of community functions remain unclear. In this study, the response of bacterial and fungal communities to different REE and HM co-contamination levels and the community predicted function were analyzed.

Methods

16S rRNA and ITS1 high-throughput sequencing were performed for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The bacteria community functions were predicted using the PICRUSt2 method.

Results

The co-contamination caused decreases in bacterial and fungal community richness and diversity, with significant changes in community structure and composition, especially in the most serious co-contaminated soils. With the increase in the pollution levels, the bacterial communities became reorganize, whereas fungal communities had a certain buffer capacity. The microbial symbiotic pattern changed under severe co-contamination conditions, and microorganisms enhanced interactions to advance the dominant taxa adaptability or resistance. Bacterial communities developed more competitive relationships, whereas fungal communities developed more symbiotic relationships. Thus, bacteria are more sensitive than fungi. PICRUSt2 prediction results showed that bacterial community could resist cell damage caused by exotic REEs and HMs by strengthening the efflux transport system, DNA repair function, cell defense mechanism, and detoxification mechanism. The co-contamination might enhance bacterial antibiotic resistance; dissimilatory and assimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification might be the nitrogen metabolic predominant processes.

Conclusion

For the first time, we systematically confirmed that bacteria and fungi respond differently under long-term REE and HM exposure: bacterial are more sensitive than fungi. The ecological functions of bacterial community were changed, and the ecological risk of desert steppe soil environment might be increased. Our results have important significance for ecological risk assessments in co-contamination environment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbas SH, Ismail IM, Mostafa TM, Sulaymon AH (2014) Biosorption of heavy metals: a review. J Chem Sci Technol 3(4):74–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams RI, Miletto M, Taylor JW, Bruns TD (2013) Dispersal in microbes: fungi in indoor air are dominated by outdoor air and show dispersal limitation at short distances. ISME J 7:1262–1273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altimira F, Yáñez C, Bravo G, González M, Rojas LA, Seeger M (2012) Characterization of copper-resistant bacteria and bacterial communities from copperpolluted agricultural soils of central Chile. BMC Microbiol 12(1):193-193

  • An XL, Baker P, Li H, Su JQ, Chang P, Cai CH (2016) The patterns of bacterial community and relationships between sulfate-reducing bacteria and hydrochemistry in sulfate-polluted groundwater of Baogang rare earth tailing. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:21766–21779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson CR, Pedersen K (2003) In situ growth of Gallionella biofilms and partitioning of lanthanides and actinides between biological material and ferric oxyhydroxides. Geobiology 1(2):169–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao Z, Ikunaga Y, Matsushita Y, Morimoto S, Takada-Hoshino Y, Okada H, Oba H, Takemoto S, Niwa S, Ohigashi K, Suzuki C, Nagaoka K, Takenaka M, Urashima Y, Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Toyota K, Saito M, Tsushima S (2012) Combined analyses of bacterial, fungal and nematode communities in andosolic agricultural soils in Japan. Microbes Environ 27:72–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boopathy R (2000) Factors limiting bioremediation technologies. Bioresour Technol 74 (1):63e67.z

  • Burkhardt EM, Bischoff S, Akob DM, Büchel G, Küsel K (2011) Heavy metal tolerance of Fe(iii)-reducing microbial communities in contaminated creek bank soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 77 (9):3132e3136

  • Cabral L, Siqueira JO, Soares CRFS, Pinto JEBP (2010) Retention of heavy metals by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mycelium. Quim Nova 33(1):25–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai X, Li KL, He TX, Wang YX, Zhang X, Xie EY, Ding NN, Li ZL (2019) Characteristics of heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying Arthrobacter nicotianae D51 strain in the presence of copper. Water 11(3):434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calderón K, Spor A, Breuil M, Bru D, Bizouard F, Violle C, Barnard RL, Philippot L (2017) Effectiveness of ecological rescue for altered soil microbial communities and functions. ISME J 11:272–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao YQ, Liu WS, Chen YM, Chen WH, Zhao LH, Ding QB, Wang SZ, Tang YT, Zhang T, Qiu RL (2016) Structure, variation, and co-occurrence of soil microbial communities in abandoned sites of a rare earth elements mine. Environ Sci Technol 50:11481–11490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Nan J, Xu DL, Mo L, Zheng YX, Chao LM, Qu HT, Guo YQ, Li FS, Bao YY (2020) Response differences between soil fungal and bacterial communities under opencast coal mining disturbance conditions. CATENA 194:e104779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Jiang YM, Huang HY, Mou LC, Ru JL, Zhao JH, Xiao S (2018) Long-term and high-concentration heavy-metal contamination strongly influences the microbiome and functional genes in Yellow River sediments. Sci Total Environ 637–638:1400–1412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu HY, Li ZG, Xie ZB, Zhu JG, Cao ZH (2000) Effect of Lanthanum on the microflora of red soil. J Environ Sci (6), 28–31 (in China)

  • Cruz-Paredes C, Wallander H, Kjøller R, Rousk J (2017) Using community trait distributions to assign microbial responses to pH changes and Cd in forest soils treated with wood ash. Soil Biol Biochem 112:153–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng JJ, Bai XJ, Zhou YB, Zhu WX, Yin Y (2020) Variations of soil microbial communities accompanied by different vegetation restoration in an open-cut iron mining area. Sci Total Environ 704:e135243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Reich PB, Jeffries TC (2016) Microbial diversity drives multifunctionality in terrestrial ecosystems. Nat Commun 7:10541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dou W, Lian B (2010) Role of rock-inhabiting fungi in dissolution, migration and concentration of rare earth elements in dolomite. Bull Mineral Petrol Geochem 29(1):57–62 (in China)

  • Duan LL (2012) Pullution assessments of heavy metals in soils in the mining area of Bayan Obo. J Shandong Univ Technol ( Nat. Sci. Ed.) 26 (2):23–28 (in China)

  • Dutta T, Kim KH, Uchimiya M, Kwon EE, Jeon BH, Deep A, Yun ST (2016) Global demand for rare earth resources and strategies for green mining. Environ Res 150:182–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faust K, Raes J (2012) Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Nat Rev Microbiol 10(8):538–550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frossard A, Hartmann M, Frey B (2017) Tolerance of the forest soil microbiome to increasing mercury concentrations. Soil Biol Biochem 105:162–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao JQ, Yu Y, Li YK, Li RP, Ke CH et al (2021) Distribution characteristics of rare earth elements and heavy metals in a soil - plant system at Bayan Obo rare earth mine. Inner Mongolia Rock and Mineral Analysis 40(6):871–882 (in China)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao ZQ, Zhou QX (2011) Contamination from rare earth ore strip mining and its impacts on resources and eco-environment. Chinese J Ecol 30(12):2915–2922 (in China)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Chavez C, D’Haen J, Vangronsveld J, Dodd JC (2002) Copper sorption and accumulation by the extraradical mycelium of different Glomus spp. (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) isolated from the same polluted soil. Plant Soil 240:287–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gui MY, Chen Q, Ma T, Zheng MS, Ni JR (2017) Effects of heavy metals on aerobic denitrification by strain Pseudomonas stutzeri PCN-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101(4):1717–1727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Fu RY, Zhao RX, Zhao WJ, Guo JJ, Zhang J (2013) Distribution characteristic and current situation of soil rare earth contamination in the Bayan Obo Mining Area and Baotou Tailing Reservoir in Inner Mongolia. Environ Sci 34:1895–1900 (in China)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyonnet D, Planchon M, Rollat A, Escalon V, Tuduri J, Charles N, Vaxelaire S, Dubois D, Fargier H (2015) Material flow analysis applied to rare earth elements in Europe. J Clean Prod 107:215–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gwenzi W, Mangori L, Danha C, Chaukura N, Dunjana N, Sanganyado E (2018) Sources, behaviour, and environmental and human health risks of high-technology rare earth elements as emerging contaminants. Sci Total Environ 636:299–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao LJ, Zhang Zh, Hao BH, Diao FW, Zhang JX, Bao ZhH, Guo W (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter microbiome structure of rhizosphere soil to enhance maize tolerance to La. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 212:111996

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He TX, Xie DT, Ni JP, Li ZL (2019) Ca(II) and Mg(II) significantly enhanced the nitrogen removal capacity of Arthrobacter arilaitensis relative to Zn(II) and Ni(II). J Hazard Mater 368:594–601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heijden MGAVD, Bardgett RD, Straalen NMV (2010) The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Lett 11 (3):296e310

  • Hoeft SE, Blum JS, Stolz JF, Tabita FR, Witte B, King GM et al (2007) Alkalilimnicola ehrlichii sp. nov., a novel, arsenite-oxidizing haloalkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium capable of chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic growth with nitrate or oxygen as the electron acceptor. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:504–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou XZ, Yang ZF, Wang ZJ (2020) The occurrence characteristics and recovery potential of middle-heavy rare earth elements in the Bayan Obo deposit. Northern China Ore Geol Rev 126:103737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang B, Adedoyin A, Jia JL, Xing Y, Deng SQ, Guo LM, Liang YT, Zhang DY (2019) Impacts of heavy metals and soil properties at a Nigerian e-waste site on soil microbial community. J Hazard Mater 362:187–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan S, Hesham AE-L, Qiao M, Rehman S, He J-Z (2010) Effects of Cd and Pb on soil microbial community structure and activities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:288–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauber CL, Strickland MS, Bradford MA, Fierer N (2008) The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil Biol Biochem 40(9):2407–2415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Lozano NE, Carcaño-Montiel MG, Bashan Y (2016) Using native trees and cacti to improve soil potential nitrogen fixation during long-term restoration of arid lands. Plant Soil 403(1–2):317–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw A, Wiener M (2015) Package ‘ randomForest ’. Breiman and Cutler’s random forests for classification and regression. R Packag Version 4:6–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Li MS, Luo YP, Su ZY (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plant accumulation in a restored manganese mineland in Guangxi, South China. Environ Pollut 147:168–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li SY, Fu HJ, Dong W (2017) Research progress on the interaction of microorganisms and rare earth. J Jiangxi Univ Sci Technol 38(3):56–62 (in China)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin Y, Ye Y, Hu Y, Shi H (2019) The variation in microbial community structure under different heavy metal contamination levels in paddy soils. Ecotox Environ Safe 180:557–564

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Cao W, Jiang H, Cui J, Shi C, Qiao X, Zhao J, Si W (2018) Impact of heavy metal pollution on ammonia oxidizers in soils in the vicinity of a Tailings Dam, Baotou. China Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 101:110–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JJ, Liu W, Zhang YB, Chen ChJ, Wu WX, Zhang TC (2021) Microbial communities in rare earth mining soil after in-situ leaching mining. Sci Total Environ 755:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu JH, Zhang ML, Zhang RY, Zhu WY, Mao SY (2016) Comparative studies of the composition of bacterial microbiota associated with the ruminal content, ruminal epithelium and in the faeces of lactating dairy cows. Microb Biotechnol 9:257–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luo Y, Yuan H, Zhao J, Qi Y, Cao WW, Liu JM, Guo W, Bao ZH (2021) Multiple factors influence bacterial community diversity and composition in soils with rare earth element and heavy metal co-contamination. Ecotox Environ Safe 225:e112749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez MO, Maier RM (2008) Phytoremediation of mine tailings in temperate and arid environments. Rev Environ Sci Bio 7:47–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadian E, Babai AA, Arzanlou M, Oustan S, Khazaei SH (2017) Tolerance to heavy metals in filamentous fungi isolated from contaminated mining soils in the Zanjan province Iran. Chemosphere 185:290e296

  • Ng EL, Patti AF, Rose MT, Schefe CR, Wilkinson K, Smernik RJ, Cavagnaro TR (2014) Does the chemical nature of soil carbon drive the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities?. Soil Biol Biochem 70:54–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan XM, Zhang SR, Zhong QM, Gong GS, Wang GY, Guo X, Xu XX (2020) Effects of soil chemical properties and fractions of Pb, Cd, and Zn on bacterial and fungal communities. Sci Total Environ 715:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Romaní AM, Fischer H, Mille-lindblom C, Tranvik LJ (2006) Interactions of bacteria and fungi on decomposing litter: differential extracellular enzyme activities. Ecology 87:2559–2569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousk J, Bååth E, Brookes PC, Lauber CL, Lozupone C, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Fierer N (2010) Soil bacterial and fungal communities across a pH gradient in an arable soil. ISME J 4:1340–1351

  • Si WT, He XY, Li AL, Liu L, Li JS, Gong DH (2016) Application of an integrated biomarker response index to assess ground water contamination in the vicinity of a rare earth mine tailing site. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:1–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiesman BJ, Inouye BD (2013) Habitat loss alters the architecture of plant-pollinator interaction networks. Ecology 94:2688–2696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su JF, Zhang H, Xue L, Zhang YM (2020) Characterization of simultaneous aerobic denitrification and dephosphorization strain Cupriavidus sp. H29 and its application on cadmium-removing. Geomicrobiol J 37(5):426–436

  • Sun ZY, Lv YK, Liu YX, Ren RP (2016) Removal of nitrogen by heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification of a novel metal resistant bacterium Cupriavidus sp. S1. Bioresource Technol 220:142–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang J, Zhang J, Ren L, Zhou Y, Gao J, Luo L, Yang Y, Peng Q, Huang H, Chen A (2019) Diagnosis of soil contamination using microbiological indices: a review on heavy metal pollution. J Environ Manag 242:121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treseder KK, Marusenko Y, Romero-Olivares AL, Maltz MR (2016) Experimental warming alters potential function of the fungal community in boreal forest. Global Change Biol 22:3395–3404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey (2019) Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2019/mcs2019.pdf

  • Wang M, Chen S, Chen L, Wang D (2019a) Responses of soil microbial communities and their network interactions to saline-alkaline stress in Cd-contaminated soils. Environ Pollu 252:1609–1621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang NN, Wang AH, Xie J, He MC (2019b) Responses of soil fungal and archaeal communities to environmental factors in an ongoing antimony mine area. Sci Total Environ 652:1030–1039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei ZW, Hao ZK, Li XH, Guan ZB, Cai YJ, Liao XG (2019) The effects of phytoremediation on soil bacterial communities in an abandoned mine site of rare earth elements. Sci Total Environ 670:950–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier JC, Costa PES, Hissa DC, Melo VMM, Falcão RM, Balbino VQ, Mendonça LAR, Lima MGS, Coutinho HDM, Verde LCL (2019) Evaluation of the microbial diversity and heavy metal resistance genes of a microbial community on contaminated environment. Appl Geochem 105:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xia JL, Wu S, Zhang RY, Zhang CG, He H, Jiang HC, Nie ZY, Qiu GZ (2011) Effects of copper exposure on expression of glutathione-related genes in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Curr Microbiol 62(5):1460–1466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong W, Li R, Ren Y, Liu C, Zhao Q, Wu H, Shen Q (2017) Distinct roles for soil fungal and bacterial communities associated with the suppression of vanilla Fusarium wilt disease. Soil Biol Biochem 107:198–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu G, Chen J, Berninger F, Pumpanen J, Bai J, Yu L, Duan B (2015) Labile, recalcitrant, microbial carbon and nitrogen and the microbial community composition at two Abies faxoniana forest elevations under elevated temperatures. Soil Biol Biochem 91:1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu YL, Seshadri B, Bolan N, Sarkar B, Sik Ok Y, Zhang W, Rumpel C, Sparks D, Farrell M, Hall T, Dong Zh (2019) Microbial functional diversity and carbon use feedback in soils as affected by heavy metals. Environ Int 125:478–488

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan H, Yu Z, Wang X, Li C, Zhao, L, Ji M (2018) Dynamic characteristics of soil microorganisms, enzymes and available nutrients under the conditions of the corn straw returning based on rotary tillage. J Soil Water Conserv 2:41(in China)

  • Yang YG, Liu CQ, Yuan KN, He ZL (1999) Effect of rare earth on microbial biomass carbon in red soils. J Chin Rare Earth Soc 17 (3), 288–292 (in china)

  • Yin H, Niu J, Ren Y, Cong J, Zhang X, Fan F, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Deng J, Xie M, He Z, Zhou J, Liang Y, Liu X (2015) An integrated insight into the response of sedimentary microbial communities to heavy metal contamination. Sci Rep 5:4266–14277

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan H, Lu MH, Liu HW, Liu JM, Bao SRGG, He Q, Li HB, Cao WW, Zhao J, Bao ZH (2019) Diversity of fungi in compound contaminated soils and characteristics of adsorption rare earth and heavy metal ions. Acta Microbiol Sin 59:1–12 (in China)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafar S, Aqil F, Ahmad I (2007) Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agriculture soil. Bioresour Technol 98:2557e2561

  • Zeng XY, Li SW, Leng Y, Kang XH (2020) Structural and functional responses of bacterial and fungal communities to multiple heavy metal exposure in arid loess. Sci Total Environ 723:e138081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Cao J, Zhang S, Wang C (2016) Effect of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the microbial community and maize growth under salt stress. Appl Soil Ecol 107:214e223

  • Zhang S, Zhou Z, Li Y, Meng F (2018) Deciphering the core fouling-causing microbiota in a membrane bioreactor: low abundance but important roles. Chemosphere 195: 108e118

  • Zhang N, Juneau P, Huang RL, He ZL, Sun B, Zhou JZ, Liang YT (2021) Coexistence between antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes in manure-fertilized soils. Geoderma 382:114760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Q, Hu YT, Zhang SS, Noll L, Böckle T, Dietrich M, Herbold CW, Eichorst SA, Woebken D, Richter D, Wanek W (2019) Soil multifunctionality is affected by the soil environment and by microbial community composition and diversity. Soil Biol Biochem 136:e107521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W, Xue D, Li X, Deng Y, Rui J, Feng K et al (2017) The responses and adaptations of microbial communities to salinity in farmland soils: a molecular ecological network analysis. Appl Soil Ecol 120:239e246

  • Zhou H, Zhang DG, Jiang ZC, Sun P, Xiao HL, Wu YX, Chen JG (2019) Changes in the soil microbial communities of alpine steppe at Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau under different degradation levels. Sci Total Environ 651:2281–2291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z, Wang C, Zheng M, Jiang L, Luo Y (2017) Patterns and mechanisms of responses by soil microbial communities to nitrogen addition. Soil Biol Biochem 115:433–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong X, Chen Z, Li Y, Ding K, Liu W, Liu Y et al (2020) Factors influencing heavy metal availability and risk assessment of soils at typical metal mines in eastern China. J Hazard Mater 400:123289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the reviewers who participated in the review and MJEditor (www.mjeditor.com) for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Inner Mongolia (JH20180633), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41563009, 32160028), Science and Technology Major Project on Lakes of Inner Mongolia grant (ZDZX2018054), and Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (2019MS04005).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China

    Ying Luo, Duo Zhang, Ying Guo, Shao-hua Zhang, Le-le Chang, Wei Guo, Ji Zhao & Zhi-hua Bao

  2. College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China

    Ying Luo & Jian-guo Liu

  3. Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China

    Duo Zhang, Ying Guo, Shao-hua Zhang, Le-le Chang, Wei Guo, Ji Zhao & Zhi-hua Bao

  4. Inner Mongolia Academy of Environmental Science, Hohhot, 010011, China

    Yu Qi & Xian-hua Li

Authors
  1. Ying Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Duo Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shao-hua Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Le-le Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yu Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xian-hua Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Jian-guo Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Wei Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Ji Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Zhi-hua Bao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Ying Luo: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, writing–original draft, writing–review and editing; Duo Zhang: investigation, methodology, writing–review and editing; Ying Guo: investigation, methodology, writing–review and editing; Shao-hua Zhang: investigation, writing–review and editing; Le-le Chang: writing–review and editing; Yu Qi: investigation, writing–review and editing; Xian-hua Li: investigation, writing–review and editing; Jian-guo Liu: investigation, writing–review and editing; Ji Zhao: writing–review and editing; Zhihua Bao: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, writing–original draft, writing–review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhi-hua Bao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Yuan Ge

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 2819 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Luo, Y., Zhang, D., Guo, Y. et al. Comparative insights into influences of co-contamination by rare-earth elements and heavy metals on soil bacterial and fungal communities. J Soils Sediments 22, 2499–2515 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03241-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03241-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation