Abstract
Purpose
Sequential extraction procedure (SEP) verifies which of the bioavailable extraction phases has the greatest potential for releasing metals from a given set of samples. The hypothesis here is that it is possible to find a correlation between the presence of metals in different bioavailable chemical fractions (data obtained by SEP) and results of ecotoxicological tests conducted with Hyalella azteca, under controlled laboratory conditions in field-collected sediment samples.
Methods
Sediment samples from an urban lake were submitted to SEP to analyze the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in bioavailable and non-bioavailable extraction phases. Spearman correlation, Mann–Whitney U test, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA) assessed the influence of heavy metals on the survival of the test organism.
Results and discussions
Copper and Cr, mainly bound to the oxidizable phase, were the metals that were most closely related to the mortality of H. azteca (PC1). Zinc bound to the oxidizable phase and Pb also showed an association with the mortality of the test organism, but with less representation (PC2). Cadmium and Ni were the metals less correlated with the low survival of H. azteca.
Conclusion
The results indicate that the bioavailable chemical fractions may reflect the interactive effect of metals in mixtures on the survival of the test organism.
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Data availability
The data used to support the results of this research can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.
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Acknowledgements
Financial support by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) to W.P.S., V.N.S. and T.F.N. through graduate scholarships is acknowledged. This work was also conducted with funding from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) through a research productivity scholarship to R.F.S., process 311221/2015-7. We would also like to thank all the people who contributed and may come to contribute with edifying discussions towards the completion of this work.
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Funding by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
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dos Santos, W.P., de Souza, R.F., da Silva, V.N. et al. Use of sequential extraction procedure to support ecotoxicological analyses in bottom sediments of a tropical urban reservoir. J Soils Sediments 22, 1572–1584 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03177-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03177-0