Abstract
Purpose
This study compares the dynamic effects of straw and biochar on soil acidity and phosphorus (P) availability in the rice growth period to reveal how straw and biochar affect the availability of phosphorus in soil and utilization of P for rice crop.
Materials and methods
In the pot experiment, rice straw, canola stalk, and corresponding biochars were mixed uniformly with the Ultisol. Soil samples were collected at four stages of rice growth to analyze the dynamic changes of soil acidity and P availability. The availability of phosphate in straw/biochar-amended soils were evaluated using a combination of chemical extraction and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique.
Results
Soil pH, KCl-P, Olsen-P, DGT-P, and Al-P deceased with the rice growth, while Fe-P increased. Biochar increased soil pH and P availability more than straw returning, especially in the mature stage, while the DGT-P only increased in the tillering stage. The DGT-induced fluxes in sediments (DIFS) model revealed that all treatments increased the capacity of soil solid phase supplementing P to pore water in the filling and mature stages. The content of total P in different rice tissues followed the order of grain > straw > root, and RB350 treatment had the highest P content in rice tissues. In the mature stage, soil pH had positive correlations with KCl-P and Olsen-P, and soil Fe-P had positive correlations with total P of root and straw.
Conclusions
Application of biochar made at 550 ℃ resulted in a larger increase in available P in soil, while biochar made at 350 ℃ had more effect on the chemical forms of P. The canola stalk biochar showed a larger influence on the P availability than rice straw biochar. Biochar treatments had a larger effect on inhibiting soil acidification and improving P availability than straw returning directly.
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Funding
This research was supported by the Key Research & Development Program of Zhejiang Province (2022C02018) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977005).
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Caidi Yang: investigation, methodology, data curation, writing — original draft. Shenggao Lu: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, funding acquisition, writing — review and editing.
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Highlight
• Soil pH and available P (KCl-P and Olsen-P) decreased with the rice growth.
• The Al-P content decreased with the rice growth, while the Fe-P increased.
• Biochar improved soil acidification and availability of P more than straw returning.
• The parameters (R, k1, k-1 and Tc) obtained by DIFS model explained the increased P availability.
• The biochar made at 350 ℃ increased the total P in the straw and grain of rice significantly.
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Yang, C., Lu, S. The dynamic changes of phosphorus availability in straw/biochar-amended soils during the rice growth revealed by a combination of chemical extraction and DGT technique. J Soils Sediments 22, 957–967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03131-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03131-6