Abstract
Purpose
The treated antibiotic fermentation residues free of antibiotics but containing a high level of nutrients might be used as organic fertilizers. However, their impact on the development of antibiotic resistance in the soil and plant tissue has not been explored.
Methods
In this study, the effects of thermally treated oxytetracycline fermentation residue (OFR) free of antibiotics on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the rhizosphere of spinach (Spinacia oleracea), changes in the rhizobacterial communities, and contamination of plant tissue were investigated in a pot experiment under greenhouse condition. Raw OFR, animal manure-based compost sourced from a commercial company, and untreated soil (control) were used as control. The experiment was conducted over a period of 2 months, and soil samples were collected at intervals of 15 days. Plant tissues were analyzed at harvest for the presence of tet genes and the concentration of antibiotics.
Results
The quantification of tet genes including tetA, tetL, tetQ, and tetX indicated that treated OFR did not significantly promote these genes over the control. The accumulation of antibiotics and tet genes in spinach tissues was not significantly different from the control (untreated soil), suggesting the potentiality of the treated OFR as an organic source for agricultural application.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicated that hydrothermally treated OFR can be used as an organic fertilizer in agricultural applications without the promotion of antibiotic resistance in the soil and plant tissue.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Xiaomin Dou from the Beijing Forestry University for providing the greenhouse. This study was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No. 51978645) and the Project of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (No. 31861143049).
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China, 51978645, Zhe Tian, 31861143049, Min Yang
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Awad, M., Tian, Z., Han, Z. et al. Application of the hydrothermally treated oxytetracycline fermentation residue in agriculture: concentrations of antibiotic and resistance genes in soil and plant. J Soils Sediments 22, 1095–1104 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03123-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03123-6