Abstract
Purpose
Precision mapping of soil texture is critical for hydrological, ecological, environmental, and agricultural modeling and field management. However, the mapping precision is generally restricted by the limited number of soil sampling and insufficient use of available information in spatial interpolation.
Methods
To map layered soil texture with higher precision, we propose an additive log-ratio (ALR) transformation and exploratory factor analysis (EFA)-based co-kriging (CK) method (ALR-EFA-CK) to study the spatial variability of multi-layered soil particle-size fractions and soil texture. In this method, the ALR transformation is used to reduce the closure effect of soil particle-size fractions as compositional data that are characterized by non-negativity and a constant sum of 100%, and EFA is used to extract common factors from variables related to soil texture that are further used as auxiliary variables of CK. Six interpolation methods, ordinary kriging (OK), traditional CK (CC-CK), and EFA-CK for both the original and ALR transformed data, were evaluated in a case study with data collected at seven soil layers of 108 sampling points in the middle reach of Heihe River basin in Northwest China.
Results
CC-CK is superior to OK by including auxiliary data in interpolation, EFA-CK is more effective in improving the interpolation precision by taking full advantages of auxiliary information, and ALR transformation can improve the interpolation precision effectively for soil particle-size fractions as compositional data.
Conclusions
Therefore, the proposed ALR-EFA-CK method is beneficial in improving the interpolation precision and recommended to interpolate multi-layered soil texture.
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Availability of data and material
Available for non-commercial uses upon request to the first author (wanhy17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn).
Code availability
Available for non-commercial uses upon request to the first author (wanhy17@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn).
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Xiaoke Zhao, Gaozhan Yang, Shilei Chen, Yao Jiang, Minghuan Liu, Donghao Li, and Yue Cao of China Agricultural University for their work in soil sampling and field survey in the Heihe River basin in 2014. The authors are also grateful to the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that helped us to improve the manuscript.
Funding
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51839006, 51779119 and 52009030), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. BK20200524), and Joint Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering and Tsinghua – Ningxia Yinchuan Joint Institute of Internet of Waters on Digital Water Governance (Grant No. sklhse-2020-Iow02).
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Wan, H., Li, J., Shang, S. et al. Exploratory factor analysis-based co-kriging method for spatial interpolation of multi-layered soil particle-size fractions and texture. J Soils Sediments 21, 3868–3887 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03044-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03044-4