Abstract
Purpose
Source apportionment is a crucial step toward reducing heavy metal (HM) pollution within soils. Although comparison of receptor models to apportion sources is well-established in air and water pollution, it has been poorly implemented in evaluations of soil pollution. This study aimed (1) to assess the accumulation of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd and Hg in soils of fluvial islands of the lower Yangtze River and (2) to apportion sources in a comparative evaluation of two receptor models, thus providing basic information for rational management of soil pollution in the study area.
Materials and methods
Soil samples were collected from representative fluvial islands in the Anhui section of the lower Yangtze River, China. A total of 207 topsoil samples (0–20 cm) were collected at a density of 1 sample per 1 km2 and 43 subsoil samples (150–180 cm) were collected at a density of 1 sample per 4 km2. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total soil HM concentrations and calculating the geoaccumulation index (Igeo). The Local Moran’s index (LMI) was applied to detect the spatial distribution of HMs. Absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS–MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were adopted to apportion the sources of HMs.
Results and discussion
The mean degree of contamination of the HMs can be ranked as follows: Cd > Hg > Cu > Ni > Cr > Zn > As > Pb. Average HM concentrations in topsoil were consistently higher than those in subsoil, with total HM concentrations varying between fluvial islands. Source apportionments suggested that the particle size effect was the dominant factor (59.3%) in the APCS–MLR model, whereas in the PMF model, calcium minerals played the most important role (50.2%). Concentrations of Cr and Ni were mainly related to the particle size effect, whereas concentrations of As, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly related to the particle size effect, fixation by calcium minerals and atmospheric deposition from mining activities. The primary source for Cd anomalies was associated with calcium minerals and atmospheric deposition, whereas the accumulation of soil Hg was mainly driven by coal combustion.
Conclusions
This study indicated there was no extensive HM contamination in the study area except for Cd. Compared with APCS–MLR, PMF provided an optimal reconstruction of HM concentrations in soils. Thus, the PMF model could be applied to soils for HM pollution management in areas with multiple emission sources.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Amin B, Ismail A, Arshad A, Yap CK, Kamarudin MS (2009) Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai, Indonesia. Environ Monit Assess 148(1–4):291–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0159-z
Anderson MJ, Daly EP, Miller SL, Milford JB (2002) Source apportionment of exposures to volatile organic compounds: II. Application of receptor models to TEAM study data. Atmos Environ 36:3643–3658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00280-7
Anselin L (1995) Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geogr Anal 27(2):93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
Ayangbenro AS, Babalola OO (2017) A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a review of microbial biosorbents. Int J Environ Res Public Health:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010094
Binda G, Pozzi A, Livio F (2019) An integrated interdisciplinary approach to evaluate potentially toxic element sources in a mountainous watershed. Environ Geochem Health 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00405-4
Birch GF, Taylor SE (2002) Assessment of possible sediment toxicity of contaminated sediments in Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia. Hydrobiologia 472:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6599-z
Callén MS, De Cruz MT, López JM, Navarro MV, Mastral AM (2009) Chemosphere comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere 76:1120–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.015
Cao J, Wang Q, Chow JC, Watson JG, Tie X, Shen Z, Wang P, An Z (2012) Impacts of aerosol compositions on visibility impairment in Xi’an, China. Atmos Environ 59:559–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.036
Cesari D, Amato F, Pandolfi M, Alastuey A, Querol X, Contini D (2016) An inter-comparison of PM10 source apportionment using PCA and PMF receptor models in three European sites. Environ Sci Pollut R 23(15):15133–15148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6599-z
Chen M (2010) Environmental soil science. Sci. Press, Beijing
Chen X, Lu X (2018) Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metals in topsoil from an area in Xi’an city, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 151:153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.010
Chen H, Teng Y, Wang J, Song L, Zuo R (2013) Source apportionment of trace element pollution in surface sediments using positive matrix factorization combined support vector machines: application to the Jinjiang River, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 151:462–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9576-5
Cheng HX, Yang ZF, Xi XH, Zhao CD, Wu XM, Zhuang GM, Liu YH, Chen GG (2005) A research framework for source tracking and quantitative assessment of the Cd anomalies along the Yangtze River basin. Earth Sci Front 12(1):261–272 (In Chinese)
Compilation Committee of Anhui Province (CCAP) (1999) History of Anhui province: natural environment. Fangzhi Press, Beijing
Deng J, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Zhang H, Du W, Xu L, Hong Y, Chen Y, Chen J (2018) Source apportionment of PM2.5 at the Lin'an regional background site in China with three receptor models. Atmos Res 202:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.11.017
Dong C, Zhang W, Ma H, Feng H, Lu H, Dong Y, Yu L (2014) A magnetic record of heavy metal pollution in the Yangtze River subaqueous delta. Sci Total Environ 476:368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.020
Esmaeili A, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Jaafarzadeh N, Kermani M (2014) A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena 121:88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.05.003
Fan M, Margenot AJ, Zhang H, Lal R, Wu J, Chen F, Gao C (2020) Distribution and source identification of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soils through high-resolution sampling. Environ Pollut:114527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114527
Fei X, Christakos G, Xiao R, Ren Z, Liu Y, Lv X (2019) Improved heavy metal mapping and pollution source apportionment in Shanghai City soils using auxiliary information. Sci Total Environ 661:168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.149
Gao H (2001) Study on pollution chemistry and ecotoxicology of sandy river. Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, Zhengzhou
Gholizadeh MH, Melesse AM, Reddi L (2016) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor modeling techniques in three major rivers of South Florida. Sci Total Environ 566–567:1552–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.046
Guan Q, Wang F, Xu C, Pan N, Lin J, Zhao R, Yang Y, Luo H (2018) Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: a case study in Hexi Corridor, Northwest China. Chemosphere 193:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.151
Guan Q, Zhao R, Pan N, Wang F, Yang Y, Luo H (2019) Source apportionment of heavy metals in farmland soil of Wuwei , China : Comparison of three receptor models. J Clean Prod 237:117792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117792
Gulgundi MS, Shetty A (2019) Source apportionment of groundwater pollution using Unmix and positive matrix factorization. Environ Proc 6:457–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00373-y
Gupta S, Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK (2018) Characterization and source apportionment of organic compounds in PM 10 using PCA and PMF at a traffic hotspot of Delhi. Sustain Cities Soc 39:52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.051
Ha H, Olson JR, Bian L, Rogerson PA (2014) Analysis of heavy metal sources in soil using kriging interpolation on principal components. Environ Sci Technol 48:4999–5007. https://doi.org/10.1021/es405083f
He ZL, Yang XE, Stoffella PJ (2005) Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. J Trace Elem Med Biol 19:125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.02.010
Hu W, Wang H, Dong L, Huang B, Borggaard OK, Bruun Hansen HC, He Y, Holm PE (2018) Source identification of heavy metals in peri-urban agricultural soils of Southeast China: An integrated approach. Environ Pollut 237:650–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.070
Huang SS, Liao QL, Hua M, Wu XM, Bi KS, Yan CY, Chen B, Zhang XY (2007) Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere 67:2148–2155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.043
Huang X, Yan R, Gong M (2010) Tracing of Cd anomalous source along the Sichuan section of the Yangtze valley in China. J C Univ Technol 37(1):103–109 (In Chinese)
Huang Y, Li T, Wu C, He Z, Japenga J, Deng M, Yang X (2015) An integrated approach to assess heavy metal source apportionment in peri-urban agricultural soils. J Hazard Mater 299:540–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.041
Huang J, Guo S, Zeng GM, Li F, Gu Y, Shi Y, Shi L, Liu W, Peng S (2018) A new exploration of health risk assessment quantification from sources of soil heavy metals under different land use. Environ Pollut 243:49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.038
Jafarabadi AR, Bakhtiyari AR, Toosi AS, Jadot C (2017) Spatial distribution, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in marine surface sediments and coastal seawaters of fringing coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Chemosphere 185:1090–1111
Joksimović D, Perošević A, Castelli A, Pestorić B, Šuković D, Đurović D (2019) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Montenegrin coast: a 10-year review. J Soils Sediments:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02480-7
Kabata-Pendias A (2000) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Kelepertzis E (2014) Accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Mediterranean: insights from Argolida basin, Peloponnese, Greece. Geoderma 221–222:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.01.007
Kumari M, Sarma K, Sharma R (2019) Using Moran's I and GIS to study the spatial pattern of land surface temperature in relation to land use/cover around a thermal power plant in Singrauli district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Remote Sens App Soc Environ 15:100239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2019.100239
Li T, Sun G, Yang C, Liang K, Ma S, Huang L, Luo W (2019) Source apportionment and source-to-sink transport of major and trace elements in coastal sediments: combining positive matrix factorization and sediment trend analysis. Sci Total Environ 651:344–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.198
Liang J, Feng C, Zeng G, Gao X, Zhong M, Li X, Li X, He X, Fang Y (2017) Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metals in surface soils in a typical coal mine city, Lianyuan, China. Environ Pollut 225:681–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.057
Liao M, Huang C, Xie Z (1999) Effect of pH on transport and transformation of cadmium in soil-water system. Acta Sci Circumst 19(1):81–86 (In Chinese)
Liao Q, Evans LJ, Gu X, Fan D, Jin Y, Wang H (2007) A regional geochemical survey of soils in Jiangsu Province, China: preliminary assessment of soil fertility and soil contamination. Geoderma 142:18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.07.008
Liao QL, Huang SS, Lin RZ, Fan DF, Jin Y, Zhu BW (2008) Element distribution characteristics of cd-rich soils and their pollution remediation test in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Geol China 35(3):514–523 (In Chinese)
Lu RK (1999) Analytical methods of soil and agricultural chemistry. Agric. Sci. Technol. Press, Beijing
Lu A, Wang J, Qin X, Wang K, Han P, Zhang S (2012) Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi, Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 425:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.003
Luo XS, Yu S, Zhu YG, Li XD (2012) Trace metal contamination in urban soils of China. Sci Total Environ 421–422:17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.020
Lv J (2019) Multivariate receptor models and robust geostatistics to estimate source apportionment of heavy metals in soils. Environ Pollut 244:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.147
Ma S, Zhu L, Wang Z (2004) Origin and ecological effect of regional Cd geochemical anomalies in plain areas. Geol Bull China 23(11):1083–1087 (In Chinese)
Manta DS, Angelone M, Bellanca A, Neri R, Sprovieri M (2002) Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Sci Total Environ 300:229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00273-5
Marković M, Zuliani T, Simić SB, Mataruga Z, Kostić O, Jarić S, Vidmar J, Milačič R, Ščančar J, Mitrović M, Pavlović P (2018) Potentially toxic elements in the riparian soils of the Sava River. J Soils Sediments 18(12):3404–3414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2071-7
Maykut NN, Lewtas J, Kim E, Larson TV (2003) Source apportionment of PM2. 5 at an urban IMPROVE site in Seattle, Washington. Environ Sci Technol 37(22):5135–5142. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030370y
Müller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal 2:108–118
Nanos N, Martín JAR (2012) Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in soils : spatial variability in the Duero river basin (Spain). Geoderma 189–190:554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.006
Paatero P (1997) Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 37:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(96)00044-5
Pan LB, Ma J, Wang XL, Hou H (2016) Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province, China: levels, sources and spatial distribution. Chemosphere 148:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.049
Qiao Z, Wu F, Xu X, Yang J, Liu L (2019) Mechanism of spatiotemporal air quality response to meteorological parameters: a national-scale analysis in China. Sustainability 11(14):3957. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143957
Qu MK, Li WD, Zhang CR, Wang SQ, Yang Y, He LY (2013) Source apportionment of heavy metals in soils using multivariate statistics and geostatistics. Pedosphere 23:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(13)60036-3
Rastegari Mehr M, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Sharifi R, Lahijanzadeh A, Kermani M (2017) Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in urban areas of Isfahan province, Iran. J Afr Earth Sci 132:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.04.026
Reeder RJ (1996) Interaction of divalent cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and barium with the calcite surface during layer growth. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60:1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00034-8
Rodríguez Martín JA, Ramos-Miras JJ, Boluda R, Gil C (2013) Spatial relations of heavy metals in arable and greenhouse soils of a Mediterranean environment region (Spain). Geoderma 200–201:180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.02.014
Siegel FR (2002) Environmental geochemistry of potentially toxic metals. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04739-2
Smolders E, Mertens J (2013) Cadmium. In: Alloway BJ (ed) Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability, pp 283–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_2
Song Y, Xie S, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Salmon LG, Zheng M (2006) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX. Sci Total Environ 372:278–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.041
Song Y, Ji J, Yang Z, Yuan X, Mao C, Frost RL, Ayoko GA (2011) Geochemical behavior assessment and apportionment of heavy metal contaminants in the bottom sediments of lower reach of Changjiang River. Catena 85:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.12.009
Soylak M, Akkaya Y, Elci L (2001) Monitoring trace metal levels in Yozgat-Turkey: determinations of some metal ions in roadside soils. Trace Elem Electroly 18(4):176–180
Stoffers P, Glasby G, Wilson C, Davis K, Walter P (1986) Heavy metal pollution in Wellington Harbour, New Zeal. J Mar Fresh 20(3):495–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1986.9516169
Sun C, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun L, Yu H (2013) Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui, Northeast China. Chemosphere 92:517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.063
Sun L, Guo D, Liu K, Meng H, Zheng Y, Yuan F, Zhu G (2019) Levels , sources , and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils from a typical coal industrial city of Tangshan, China. Catena 175:101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.014
Tepanosyan G, Sahakyan L, Zhang C, Saghatelyan A (2019) The application of local Moran's I to identify spatial clusters and hot spots of Pb, Mo and Ti in urban soils of Yerevan. Appl Geochem 104:116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.03.022
Thurston GD, Spengler JD (1985) A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston. Atmos Environ 19(1):9–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90132-5
Turkoglu O, Saracoglu S, Soylak M (2003) Trace metal levels in soil samples from crossroads in Kayseri-Ankara motorway. Trace Elem Electroly 20(4):225–229. https://doi.org/10.5414/TEP20225
Wang, D (2011) Nanjing University, Distribution, source analysis and ecological risk assessment of toxic trace elements in soils along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province
Wang D, Tian F, Yang M, Liu C, Li YF (2009) Application of positive matrix factorization to identify potential sources of PAHs in soil of Dalian, China. Environ Pollut 157:1559–1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.003
Wang C, Ji J, Yang Z, Chen L, Browne P, Yu R (2012) Effects of soil properties on the transfer of cadmium from soil to wheat in the Yangtze River delta region, China-a typical industry-agriculture transition area. Biol Trace Elem Res 148:264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9367-z
Wang C, Yang Z, Zhong C, Ji J (2016) Temporal-spatial variation and source apportionment of soil heavy metals in the representative river-alluviation depositional system. Environ Pollut 216:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.037
Wang H, Wu Q, Hu W, Huang B, Dong L, Liu G (2018) Using multi-medium factors analysis to assess heavy metal health risks along the Yangtze River in Nanjing, Southeast China. Environ Pollut 243:1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.036
Wang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Lv J (2020) Identifying quantitative sources and spatial distributions of potentially toxic elements in soils by using three receptor models and sequential indicator simulation. Chemosphere 242:125266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125266
Wei X, Wu P, Huan Z, Fan M, Chen F, Gao X, Gao C (2017) Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metals in soils on the alluvial islands in the Anhui section of Yangtze River. Acta Sci Circumst 37(5):1921–1930 (In Chinese)
Wiederhold JG (2015) Metal stable isotope signatures as tracers in environmental geochemistry. Environ Sci Technol 49:2606–2624. https://doi.org/10.1021/es504683e
Wong SC, Li XD, Zhang G, Qi SH, Min YS (2002) Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environ Pollut 119:33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00325-6
Xia, H (2008) Central South University, Management Study of Chinese Geological Material
Xia J, Li F, Yang D (2009) Preliminary study on the sources of high cadmium value belt of stream sediments in Yichang section of the Yangtze River. J J Univ 39(2):305–311 (In Chinese)
Xue JL, Zhi YY, Yang LP, Shi JC, Zeng LZ, Wu LS (2014) Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County, China). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21:7698–7707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2726-x
Yang Z, Chen Y, Qian X (2005) A study of the effect of soil pH on chemical species of cadmium by simulated experiments. Earth Sci Front 12(1):252–260 (In Chinese)
Yang SL, Milliman JD, Li P, Xu K (2011) 50,000 dams later: erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta. Glob Planet Chang 75:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006
Yin A, Gao C, Zhang M, Wu P, Yang X (2017) Rapid changes in phosphorus species in soils developed on reclaimed tidal flat sediments. Geoderma 307:46–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.034
Zahra A, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Ahmed Z (2014) Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah--feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake reservoir, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 470–471:925–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.017
Zhang C, Luo L, Xu W, Ledwith V (2008) Use of local Moran’s I and GIS to identify pollution hotspots of Pb in urban soils of Galway, Ireland. Sci Total Environ 398(1–3):212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.011
Zhang L, Wang S, Meng Y, Hao J (2012) Influence of mercury and chlorine content of coal on mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants in China. Environ Sci Technol 46:6385–6392. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300286n
Zhang, P., Qin, C., Hong, X., Kang, G., Qin, M., Yang, D., Pang, B., Li, Y., He, J., Dick, R. P (2018) Risk assessment and source analysis of soil heavy metal pollution from lower reaches of Yellow River irrigation in China. Sci Total Environ 633, 1136–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.228
Zhao C, Wang Y, Yang Q, Fu R, Cunnold D, Choi Y (2010) Impact of east Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China: view from space. J Geophys Res-Atmos 115(D9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012745
Zhou J, Ma D, Pan J, Nie W, Wu K (2008) Application of multivariate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in sediment and waters: a case study in Yangzhong, China. Environ Geol 54(2):373–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0824-5
Zhu B, Pan Y, Lu Y (2010) Elemental characteristics and geochemical significance of sediments in Nanjing section of Yangtze River. J Geol 34(2):168–174 (In Chinese)
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Fund project of China (41877002) and the China Scholarship Council (201806190140).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Kitae Baek
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 238 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, J., Margenot, A.J., Wei, X. et al. Source apportionment of soil heavy metals in fluvial islands, Anhui section of the lower Yangtze River: comparison of APCS–MLR and PMF. J Soils Sediments 20, 3380–3393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02639-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02639-7
Keywords
- Heavy metals
- Fluvial islands
- Yangtze River
- Source appointment
- APCS–MLR
- PMF