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Assessment of metal contamination and their ecological risks in wetland sediments of the former Texcoco saline lake, Mexico

  • Sediments, Sec 1 • Sediment Quality and Impact Assessment • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

Texcoco saline lake in Mexico is an important habitat for over 300 species and recharges the Mexico City aquifer. Presently, it is on the verge of disappearance due to increasing anthropogenic pressure and comprises only a few wetland remnants. The impacts of human activities on these wetlands are unknown and uninvestigated. In this regard, this study investigates the degree of metal contamination in this ecosystem during the period of 2015–2018.

Materials and methods

Twenty-six sediment samples were collected from nine different wetlands of Texcoco Lake and examined for 17 metals (Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg) using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The degree of metal accumulation and its ecological risks were evaluated on the basis of several indicators (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, sediment quality guidelines, ecotoxicological values, and potential ecological risk index). Furthermore, co-occurrence via multivariate statistical techniques was employed using the measured metal concentrations to identify their possible sources.

Results and discussion

The Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg sediment concentrations were higher in magnitude than the background North American shale composite values, suggesting their external origin in all studied sediments. According to the calculated enrichment factors and geoaccumulation index, the sediments were mostly contaminated with Cd and Hg. The sediment quality guidelines and ecotoxicological values together with the ecological risk index suggested probable adverse biological effects due to the presence of Cr, Cu, Ni, and Hg. Cadmium and Hg accounted for nearly 51 and 45% of the ecological threat in the sediments. Based on the knowledge about metal levels and co-occurrence in different matrices and the multivariate data analyses of the detected metal concentrations, we infer that the main sources of metals are as follows: (1) Solonchaks and Vertisol soil types (Ca, Mg, Na, and K); (2) urban-industrial effluents from surrounding municipalities and Mexico City (Cu, Pb, and Zn); and (3) industrial discharges of Xalostoc zone (Cd and Hg) near Texcoco.

Conclusions

Our results emphasize the impacts of unregulated discharges from municipal, industrial, and metropolitan zones of Mexico City and construction activities for the elevated metal concentrations in the wetland sediments of Texcoco Lake.

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Acknowledgments

EMO, SSMG, and JESD express their gratitude to Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) for financial assistance. SSMG and JESD thanks IPN – Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas (COFAA). SSMG wishes to thank Estímulos al Desempeño de los Investigadores (EDI). SSMG and VCS thank Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) CONACyT, México. VCS acknowledge CONACyT project Grant No. 274276 “Fase I De La Remediación de Áreas Contaminadas Con Hidrocarburos En La Refinería Gral. Lázaro Cárdenas” for postdoctoral fellowship.

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  1. Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia (CMPL+L), Av. Acueducto s/n, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, México, D.F., Mexico

    Sandra Soledad Morales-García & V. C. Shruti

  2. Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, México, D.F., Mexico

    E. Meza-Olvera

  3. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Coordinación Politécnica para la Sustentabilidad, 07738, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

    J. E. Sedeño-Díaz

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  1. Sandra Soledad Morales-García
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  3. V. C. Shruti
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Supplementary Table 1

Correlation matrix analysis of sediments from Texcoco saline Lake, Mexico (DOCX 15 kb)

Supplementary Figure 1

Factor score loadings for metals in sediments of Texcoco saline Lake, Mexico (JPG 44 kb)

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Morales-García, S.S., Meza-Olvera, E., Shruti, V.C. et al. Assessment of metal contamination and their ecological risks in wetland sediments of the former Texcoco saline lake, Mexico. J Soils Sediments 20, 2912–2930 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02613-3

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