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Changes in particle size distribution of suspended sediment affected by gravity erosion: a field study on steep loess slopes

  • Sediments, Sec 3 • Hillslope and River Basin Sediment Dynamics • Research Article
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

Gravity erosion (mass movement) generates an enormous volume of sediments on steep slopes throughout the world, yet its effect on the particle size distribution of suspended sediments (PSDSS) remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of gravity erosion on soil loss, especially the changes of particle size distribution of the suspended sediment.

Materials and methods

In this study, experiments were conducted in a field mobile laboratory in which mass movements were triggered on steep slopes under simulated rainfall. During the experiments, water-sediment samples were collected in polyethylene bottles directly from the gully and channel flows before and during the mass movements. The volumes of each mass failure during and 20 min after the rainfalls were measured by a topography meter. The particle fractions of the samples were analyzed by combining the sieving and photoelectric sedimentometer techniques. A suite of indexes such as median sediment size (d50), sediment heterogeneity (H), fractal dimension (D), and enrichment/dilution ratio (Red) were then used to evaluate the effect of mass movement on PSDSS.

Results and discussion

(1) Gravity erosion had a significant influence on PSDSS. After the mass movements occurred, the proportion of sand-sized particles was decreased from 71 to 51%, whereas the proportions of clay and silt were increased from 1 to 7% and 28 to 42%, respectively. (2) The d50, H, and D were significantly correlated with slope failures. The d50 was decreased from 0.084 to 0.051 mm, whereas the H and D were increased from 5.6 to 26.8 and from 2.60 to 2.78, respectively. This implies that mass movements make the PSDSS more nonuniform and irregular. (3) The suspended sediment tended to be enriched in the silt and clay fractions and diluted in the sand fractions after mass movements. Reds for clay, slit, and sand fractions were 13.9, 1.4, and 0.7 respectively.

Conclusions

The changes of PSDSS after mass movements reflected a combined complex effect of soil sources, erosion types, selective detachment, and deposition processes. Mass movements led to a drastic increase of sediment concentration and the enrichment of fine particles, which developed into hyperconcentrated flows.

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Funding

This study is supported by the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin (IWHR-SKL-201707), National Natural Science Foundation of China (51879032), National Key R & D Project (2016YFC0402504), and Key Project of Science and Technology in Yan’an (2016CGZH-14-03).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China

    Wenzhao Guo & Wenlong Wang

  2. School of Hydraulic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China

    Wenzhao Guo, Xiangzhou Xu & Yakun Liu

  3. Department of Geography, Urban, Environment and Sustainability Studies, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA

    Tongxin Zhu

  4. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Hongwu Zhang & Mingdong Zhu

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  1. Wenzhao Guo
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  3. Tongxin Zhu
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  4. Hongwu Zhang
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  7. Mingdong Zhu
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Correspondence to Xiangzhou Xu.

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Guo, W., Xu, X., Zhu, T. et al. Changes in particle size distribution of suspended sediment affected by gravity erosion: a field study on steep loess slopes. J Soils Sediments 20, 1730–1741 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02496-z

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