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Geogenic and agricultural controls on the geochemical composition of European agricultural soils

  • SOILS, SEC 3 • REMEDIATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED OR DEGRADED LANDS • RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Abstract

Purpose

Concern about the environmental impact of agriculture caused by intensification is growing as large amounts of nutrients and contaminants are introduced into the environment. The aim of this paper is to identify the geogenic and agricultural controls on the elemental composition of European, grazing and agricultural soils.

Materials and methods

Robust factor analysis was applied to data series for Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Se, Sr, U, Zn (ICP-MS) and SiO2, K2O, Na2O, Fe2O3, Al2O3 (XRF) based on the European GEMAS dataset. In addition, the following general soil properties were included: clay content, pH, chemical index of alteration (CIA), loss on ignition (LOI), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total organic carbon (TOC) and total carbon and total sulfur. Furthermore, this dataset was coupled to a dataset containing information of historic P2O5 fertilization across Europe. Also, a mass balance was carried out for Cd, Cu and Zn to determine if concentrations of these elements found in the soils have their origin in historic P2O5 fertilization.

Results and discussion

Seven geogenic factors and one agricultural factor were found of which four prominent ones (all geogenic): chemical weathering, reactive iron-aluminum oxide minerals, clay minerals and carbonate minerals. Results for grazing and agricultural soils were near identical, which further proofs the prominence of geogenic controls on the elemental composition. When the cumulative amount of P2O5 fertilization was considered, no extra agriculture-related factors became visible. The mass balance confirms these observations.

Conclusions

Overall, the geological controls are more important for the soil chemistry in agricultural and grazing land soils than the anthropogenic controls.

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Acknowledgements

The GEMAS project is a cooperation project of the EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group with a number of outside organisations (e.g. Alterra in The Netherlands, the Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, several Ministries of the Environment and University Departments of Geosciences in a number of European countries, CSIRO Land and Water in Adelaide, Australia) and Eurometaux. The authors thank Clemens Reimann for his advice and support; Lex Bouwman, for providing the data of historic P2O5 fertilization; Peter Filzmoser, for providing the necessary R-scripts; and Cheryl van Kempen and Janneke Klein, for helping with the data analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Rémon Saaltink & Jasper Griffioen

  2. Deltares and TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB, Utrecht, Netherlands

    Jasper Griffioen

  3. Alterra Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen Campus, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Gerben Mol

  4. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Branch office Berlin, Wilhelmstr. 25-30, 13593, Berlin, Germany

    Manfred Birke

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The GEMAS Project Team

C. Reimann (project leader), S. Albanese, M. Andersson, A. Arnoldussen, R. Baritz, M.J. Batista, A. Bel-lan, D. Cicchella, A. Demetriades, E. Dinelli, B. De Vivo, W. De Vos, M. Duris, A. Dusza-Dobek, O.A. Eggen, M. Eklund, V. Ernstsen, K. Fabian, P. Filzmoser, T.E. Finne, B. Flem, D. Flight, S. Forrester, M. Fuchs, U. Fugedi, A. Gilucis, M. Gosar, V. Gregorauskiene, A. Gulan, J. Halamić , E. Haslinger, P. Hayoz, G. Hobiger, R. Hoffmann, J. Hoogewerff, H. Hrvatovic, S. Husnjak, L. Janik, C.C. Johnson, G. Jordan, J. Kirby, J. Kivisilla, V. Klos, F. Krone, P. Kwecko, L. Kuti, A. Ladenberger, A. Lima, J. Locutura, P. Lucivjansky, D. Mackovych, B.I. Malyuk, R. Maquil, M. McLaughlin, R.G. Meuli, N. Miosic, G. Mol, P. Négrel, P. O'Connor, K. Oorts, R.T. Ottesen, A. Pasieczna, V. Petersell, S. Pfleiderer, M. Poňaviĉ, C. Prazeres, U. Rauch, I. Salpeteur, A. Schedl, A. Scheib, I. Schoeters, P. Sefcik, E. Sellersjö, F. Skopljak, I. Slaninka, A. Šorša, R. Srvkota, T. Stafilov, T. Tarvainen, V. Trendavilov, P. Valera, V. Verougstraete, D. Vidojević, A.M. Zissimos, Z. Zomeni.

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Saaltink, R., Griffioen, J., Mol, G. et al. Geogenic and agricultural controls on the geochemical composition of European agricultural soils. J Soils Sediments 14, 121–137 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0779-y

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