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Are cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses across Europe primarily determined by atmospheric deposition of these metals?

Journal of Soils and Sediments volume 10, pages 1572–1584 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed at investigating correlations between heavy metal concentrations in mosses and modelled deposition values as well as other site-specific and regional characteristics to determine which factors primarily affect cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses. The resulting relationships could potentially be used to enhance the spatial resolution of heavy metal deposition maps across Europe.

Materials and methods

Modelled heavy metal deposition data and data on the concentration of heavy metals in naturally growing mosses were integrated into a geographic information system and analysed by means of bivariate rank correlation analysis and multivariate decision trees. Modelled deposition data were validated annually with deposition measurements at up to 63 EMEP measurement stations within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and mosses were collected at up to 7,000 sites at 5-year intervals between 1990 and 2005.

Results and discussion

Moderate to high correlations were found between cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of these metals: Spearman rank correlation coefficients were between 0.62 and 0.67, and 0.67 and 0.73 for cadmium and lead, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate decision tree analyses showed that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses were primarily determined by the atmospheric deposition of these metals, followed by emissions of the metals. Low to very low correlations were observed between mercury concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of mercury. According to the multivariate analyses, spatial variations of the mercury concentration in mosses was primarily associated with the sampled moss species and not with the modelled deposition, but regional differences in the atmospheric chemistry of mercury and corresponding interactions with the moss may also be involved.

Conclusions

At least for cadmium and lead, concentrations in mosses are a valuable tool in determining and mapping the spatial variation in atmospheric deposition across Europe at a high spatial resolution. For mercury, more studies are needed to elucidate interactions of different chemical species with the moss.

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Notes

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Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, PO Box 1553, 49356, Vechta, Germany

    Winfried Schröder, Marcel Holy & Roland Pesch

  2. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor, LL57 2UW, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK

    Harry Harmens

  3. Meteorological Synthesising Centre East of EMEP, Krasina pereulok, 16/1, 123056, Moscow, Russia

    Ilia Ilyin

  4. Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Eiliv Steinnes

  5. Environmental Agency of Bolzano, 39055, Laives, Italy

    Renate Alber

  6. International Sakharov Environmental University, Minsk, Belarus

    Yuliya Aleksiayenak

  7. National Botanical Garden, Academy of Science of Ukraine, Timiryazevs’ka St, 1, 01014, Kiev, Ukraine

    Oleg Blum

  8. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey

    Mahmut Coşkun

  9. Food, Veterinary and Environmental Agency, Falkavegur 6, 100, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark

    Maria Dam

  10. Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium

    Ludwig De Temmerman

  11. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency, Maskavas Str. 165, Riga, LV 1019, Latvia

    Marina Frolova

  12. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 141980, Dubna, Russia

    Marina Frontasyeva

  13. University of Navarra, Irunlarrea No 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain

    Laura Gonzalez Miqueo & Jesus Santamaria

  14. Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31512, Krakow, Poland

    Krystyna Grodzińska

  15. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Zvonka Jeran

  16. University of Opole, Opole, Poland

    Szymon Korzekwa

  17. Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Obradovica 4, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Miodrag Krmar

  18. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kirkkosaarentie 7, 91500, Muhos, Finland

    Eero Kubin & Juha Piispanen

  19. Institute of Physics, Savanoriu Ave 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Kestutis Kvietkus

  20. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case 39, 75005, Paris, France

    Sébastien Leblond

  21. Tallinn Botanic Garden, Kloostrimetsa tee 52, 11913, Tallinn, Estonia

    Siiri Liiv

  22. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Hlemmur 3, 125, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Sigurður Magnússon

  23. Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Science, Štefánikova Str. 3, 814 99, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Blanka Maňkovská

  24. Humlekärrshultsvägen 10, 572 41, Oskarshamn, Sweden

    Åke Rühling

  25. Oikon Ltd., Institute for Applied Ecology, Avenija V. Holjevca 20, 10020, Zagreb, Croatia

    Zdravko Spiric

  26. Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Kvetnove namesti 391, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Ivan Suchara

  27. FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Postfach 1645, 8640, Rapperswil, Switzerland

    Lotti Thöni

  28. Saints Cyril and Methodius University, P.O. Box 162, 1000, Skopje, FYR Macedonia

    Viktor Urumov

  29. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Lilyana Yurukova

  30. University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    Harald G. Zechmeister

Authors
  1. Winfried Schröder
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  2. Marcel Holy
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  3. Roland Pesch
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  4. Harry Harmens
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  5. Ilia Ilyin
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  7. Renate Alber
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  8. Yuliya Aleksiayenak
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  9. Oleg Blum
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  10. Mahmut Coşkun
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  11. Maria Dam
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  12. Ludwig De Temmerman
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  13. Marina Frolova
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  14. Marina Frontasyeva
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  15. Laura Gonzalez Miqueo
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  16. Krystyna Grodzińska
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  17. Zvonka Jeran
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  18. Szymon Korzekwa
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  19. Miodrag Krmar
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  20. Eero Kubin
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  21. Kestutis Kvietkus
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  22. Sébastien Leblond
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  23. Siiri Liiv
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  24. Sigurður Magnússon
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  25. Blanka Maňkovská
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  28. Jesus Santamaria
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  29. Zdravko Spiric
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  30. Ivan Suchara
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  31. Lotti Thöni
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  32. Viktor Urumov
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  33. Lilyana Yurukova
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  34. Harald G. Zechmeister
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roland Pesch.

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Responsible editor: Nicole Mathers

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Schröder, W., Holy, M., Pesch, R. et al. Are cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses across Europe primarily determined by atmospheric deposition of these metals?. J Soils Sediments 10, 1572–1584 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0254-y

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Keywords

  • Biomonitoring
  • Cadmium
  • Correlation analysis
  • Deposition
  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • Moss