Exposure and toxicity characterization of chemical emissions and chemicals in products: global recommendations and implementation in USEtox

Table 2 Primary application areas of the recommended near-field/far-field USEtox modeling framework. The presented framework is suitable for comparative evaluations of chemicals emitted along product life cycles and chemicals in various types of product applications

Application area	Product types covered (emissions are always directly or indirectly included)	References
Product life cycle assessment (LCA)	Food contact materials	Ernstoff et al. (2019), Fig. 4 (present study)
High-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical exposure	Personal care products; food contact materials	ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Csiszar et al. (2016), Ernstoff et al. (2016), Ernstoff et al. (2017)
High-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical risk	Children toys; building materials	Huang et al. (2019), Aurisano et al. (2021)
Chemical exposure and risk prioritization	Household products (cleaning, personal care, and home maintenance products)	Jolliet et al. (2021), Fig. 4 (present study)
Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) and chemical substitution	Building materials; personal care products; pesticides	Fantke et al. (2016), Steingrímsdóttir et al. (2018), Fantke et al. (2020b)