Abstract
Purpose
Production of feed is an important contributor to life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, or carbon footprints (CFPs), of livestock products. Consequences of methodological choices and data sensitivity on CFPs of feed ingredients were explored to improve comparison and interpretation of CFP studies. Methods and data for emissions from cultivation and processing, land use (LU), and land use change (LUC) were analyzed.
Method
For six ingredients (maize, wheat, palm kernel expeller, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and beet pulp), CFPs resulting from a single change in methods and data were compared with a reference CFP, i.e., based on IPCC Tier 1 methods, and data from literature.
Results and discussion
Results show that using more detailed methods to compute N2O emissions from cultivation hardly affected reference CFPs, except for methods to determine \( \mathrm{NO}_3^{-} \) leaching (contributing to indirect N2O emissions) in which the influence is about −7 to +12 %. Overall, CFPs appeared most sensitive to changes in crop yield and applied synthetic fertilizer N. The inclusion of LULUC emissions can change CFPs considerably, i.e., up to 877 %. The level of LUC emissions per feed ingredient highly depends on the method chosen, as well as on assumptions on area of LUC, C stock levels (mainly aboveground C and soil C), and amortization period.
Conclusions
We concluded that variability in methods and data can significantly affect CFPs of feed ingredients and hence CFPs of livestock products. Transparency in methods and data is therefore required. For harmonization, focus should be on methods to calculate \( \mathrm{NO}_3^{-} \) leaching and emissions from LULUC. It is important to consider LUC in CFP studies of food, feed, and bioenergy products.
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van Middelaar, C.E., Cederberg, C., Vellinga, T.V. et al. Exploring variability in methods and data sensitivity in carbon footprints of feed ingredients. Int J Life Cycle Assess 18, 768–782 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9