Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of lifestyle oriented-motivation and corporate social responsibility on multiadventure sports firms´ performance

  • Published:
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The number of sports firms has grown in recent years, along with the emergence in this sector of so-called lifestyle entrepreneurs. However, although some research has been done to analyse and understand this type of entrepreneur in the sports sector, relatively little is known about them or the factors that affect the performance (objective and subjective) and the continuity of their firms (intention to operate the firm for a long time). Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to discover what combinations of corporate social responsibility behaviours and lifestyle-oriented motivations generate high and low levels of objective and subjective performance for these sports lifestyle entrepreneurs and to analyse whether objective and subjective performance are related to their intention to operate their firm for a long time. To this end, a questionnaire was administered to different owners of multi-adventure sport firms at both the national and international levels. Then, a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) methodology was used to analyse the data. The results show that the combinations of conditions required to reach objective and subjective performance are different and that lifestyle-oriented motivation is of particular importance for subjective performance. Moreover, only subjective performance was related to the intention to operate the firm for a long time. Thus, these results help to better understand the lifestyle entrepreneurs in the sports sector by clarifying which factors influence the performance of these types of firms. Finally, some theoretical and practical implications are presented for policy makers in the sports sector.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alcantara, L. L., & Kshetri, N. (2014). The link between societal motivation and new venture performance: Evidence from entrepreneurs in Japan. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 26(6), 623–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Frankle, A. W. (1980). Voluntary social resporting: An iso-beta portfolio analysis. The Accounting Review, 55(3), 467–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2000). Staying within the fence: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 378–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, S. (2005). The importance of entrepreneurship to hospitality, leisure, sport and tourism. Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Network, 1(1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beynon, M. J., Jones, P., & Pickernell, D. (2016a). Country-level investigation of innovation investment in manufacturing: Paired fsQCA of two models. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5401–5407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beynon, M. J., Jones, P., & Pickernell, D. (2016b). Country-based comparison analysis using fsQCA investigating entrepreneurial attitudes and activity. Journal of Business Research, 69(4), 1271–1276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beynon, M. J., Jones, P., & Pickernell, D. (2018). Entrepreneurial climate and self-perceptions about entrepreneurship: A country comparison using fsQCA with dual outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 89, 418–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, B., & Thompson, J. (2003). The entrepreneurs in focus: Achieve your potential. London: Thompson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, P. (2001). Entrepreneurship and small business. Tavisstock and Rochdale: Palgrave, Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttner, E. H., & Moore, D. P. (1997). Women’s organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: Self-reported motivations and correlates with success. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(1), 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen, J., Morrison, A., & Weber, P. (2008). Lifestyle oriented small tourism firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3), 255–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., & Carroll, A. B. (1984). SMR forum: Corporate responsibility—Reconciling economic and social goals. Sloan Management Review, 25(2), 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commission of the European Communities. (2001). Green Paper. Bruxelles: Commission of the European Communities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (2006). Entrepreneurship and small firms. Basingstoke: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewhurst, P., & Horobin, H. (1998). Small business owners. In R. Thomas (Ed.), The management of small tourism and hospitality firms (pp. 19–39). London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, S., & McLuskie, P. (2018). Entrepreneurial identity and education in the field of mountain-bike training. Paper presented at Institute of Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) conference 2018, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

  • Dominici, A., Boncinelli, F., & Marone, E. (2019). Lifestyle entrepreneurs in winemaking. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 31(3), 385–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, B., & Corte, U. (2010). Commercialization and lifestyle sport: Lessons from 20 years of freestyle BMX in ‘pro-town, USA’. Sport in Society, 13(7), 1135–1151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eng, S., & Woodside, A. G. (2012). Configural analysis of the drinking man: Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analyses. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 541–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassin, Y., Van Rossem, A., & Buelens, M. (2011). Small-business owner-managers’ perceptions of business ethics and CSR-related concepts. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), 425–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Font, X., Garay, L., & Jones, S. (2016). Sustainability motivations and practices in small tourism enterprises in European protected areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 1439–1448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garay, L. T., & Font, X. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in tourism small and medium enterprises evidence from Europe and Latin America. Tourism Management Perspectives, 7, 38–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelderen, M. V. (2007). Life style entrepreneurship as a contributor to variety in the economy [online]. New Zealand: Massey University. Retrieved the 15 September 2019, from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~cprichar/OIL/OIL3_papers.htm#Lifestyle.

  • Getz, D. (2004). The family business in tourism and hospitality. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D., & Petersen, T. (2004). The Importance of profit and growth-oriented entrepreneurs in destination competitiveness and change. In S. Weber and R. Tomljenovic (Eds.), Reinventing a tourism destination: facting the challenge: University of Calgary.

  • Getz, D., & Carlsen, J. (2000). Characteristics and goals of family and owner-operated business in the rural tourism and hospitality sectors. Tourism Management, 21(6), 547–560.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Serrano, M. H., Valantine, I., & Crespo, J. (2014). Research on enterpreneuship in sport. Review of documents posted on WoS. Journal of Sports Economics & Management, 4(1), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heelas, P., & Morris, P. (1992). The values of the enterprise culture. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinze, D. C. (1976). Financial correlates of a social involvement measure. Akron Business and Economic Review, 7(1), 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henricks, M. (2002). Not just a living: The complete guide to creating a business that gives you a life. Cambridge: Perseus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, S. S., & Hsu, H. C. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 29–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R. W. (1978). An investigation of the information content of (certain) social responsibility disclosures. Journal of Accounting Research, 16, 20–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaafar, M., Abdul-Aziz, A. R., Maideen, S. A., & Mohd, S. Z. (2011). Entrepreneurship in the tourism industry: Issues in developing countries. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 827–835.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, H. (2004). A critique of conventional CSR theory: An SME perspective. Journal of General Management, 29(4), 37–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobber, D., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012). Principles and practices of marketing. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P., Jones, A., Williams-Burnett, N., & Ratten, V. (2017). Let’s get physical: Stories of entrepreneurial activity from sports coaches/instructors. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 18(4), 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J. (2003). Patterns of entrepreneurship. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, K., & Church, A. (2017). Lifestyle sports delivery and sustainability: Clubs, communities and user-managers. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(1), 107–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, S., Ribeiro-Soriano, D., & Schüssler, M. (2018). Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) in entrepreneurship and innovation research-the rise of a method. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(1), 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., & Schoham, A. (2006). Entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations and international entrepreneurial business venture performance in south African firms. International Marketing Review, 23(5), 504–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longo, M., Mura, M., & Bonoli, A. (2005). Corporate social responsibility and corporate performance: The case of Italian SMEs. Corporate Governance: The international Journal of Business in Society, 5(4), 28–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maqbool, S., & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian banks. Future Business Journal, 4(1), 84–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, B., & Mottiar, Z. (2011). Understanding lifestyle entrepreneurs and digging beneath the issue of profits: Profiling surf tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Ireland. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(2), 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcketti, S. B., Niehm, L. S., & Fuloria, R. (2006). An exploratory study of lifestyle entrepreneurship and its relationship to life quality. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34, 241–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masurel, E., & Snellenberg, R. (2017). Does the lifestyle entrepreneur exist? An analysis of lifestyle entrepreneurs compared with other entrepreneurs on the basis of the development of entrepreneurial competences. Research Memorandum, 1, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGehee, N. G., & Kim, K. (2004). Motivation for Agri-tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 161–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2000). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 603–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meznar, M. B., Chrisman, J. J., & Carroll, A. B. (1992). Social responsibility and strategic management: Toward enterprise strategy classification. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 10(1), 29–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miragaia, D. A., Ferreira, J., & Ratten, V. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and social entrepreneurship: Drivers of sports sponsorship policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(4), 613–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4), 192–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A., Rimmington, M., & Williams, C. (1998). Entrepreneurship in the hospitality, tourism and leisure industries. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morsing, M., & Perrini, F. (2009). CSR in SMEs: Do SMEs matter for the CSR agenda? Business Ethics: A European Review, 18(1), 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naia, A., Baptista, R., Biscaia, R., Januário, C., & Trigo, V. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions of sport sciences students and theory of planned behaviour. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 23(1), 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nollet, J., Filis, G., & Mitrokostas, E. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: A non-linear and disaggregated approach. Economic Modelling, 52, 400–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbaldiston, R., & Sheldon, K. M. (2003). Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 349–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M., Frehse, J., & Buhalis, D. (2009). The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: A conceptual study of the tourism industry. Pasos, 7(2), 393–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado-Gascó, V. J., & Calabuig-Moreno, F. (2016). Measuring service quality of sporting events: Linear models vs QCA. Journal of Sports Economics & Management, 6(3), 126–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radaelli, G., Dell’Era, C., Frattini, F., & Petruzzelli, A. (2018). Entrepreneurship and human capital in professional sport: A longitudinal analysis of the Italian soccer league. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(1), 70–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragin, C. C., & Fiss, P. C. (2008). Net effects analysis versus configurational analysis: An empirical demonstration. Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond, 190–212.

  • Ratten, V. (2010). Developing a theory of sport-based entrepreneurship. Journal of Management & Organization, 16(4), 557–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2011a). Sport-based entrepreneurship: Towards a new theory of entrepreneurship and sport management. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2011b). International sports management: Current trends and future developments. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(6), 679–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2012). Sport entrepreneurship: Challenges and directions for future research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 4(1), 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2017a). Entrepreneurial sport policy. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(4), 641–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2017b). Sports innovation management. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2018a). Sport entrepreneurship: Developing and sustaining an entrepreneurial sport culture. Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratten, V. (2018b). Entrepreneurial intentions of surf tourists. Tourism Review, 73(2), 262–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reijonen, H. (2008). Understanding the small business owner: What they really aim at and how this relates to firm performance. A case study in North Karelia, Eastern Finland. Management Research News, 31(8), 616–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rey-Marti, A., Tur Porcar, A., & Mas-Tur, A. (2015). Linking female Entrepreneurs' motivation to business survival. Journal of Business Research, 68, 810–814.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimmington, M., Morrisson, A., & Williams, C. (1999). Entrepreneurship in the hospitality, tourism and leisure industries. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. (2016). Social responsibility and financial performance: The role of good corporate governance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 19(2), 137–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russo, A., & Tencati, A. (2009). Formal vs. informal CSR strategies: Evidence from Italian micro, small, medium-sized, and large firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(2), 339–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, M., Schulze-Bentrop, C., & Paunescu, M. (2010). Mapping the institutional capital of high-tech firms: A fuzzy-set analysis of capitalist variety and export performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 246–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, K. G., Gartner, W. B., Crosby, E., Bakalarova, K., & Gatewood, E. J. (2001). Attributions about entrepreneurship: A framework and process for analyzing reasons for starting a business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(2), 5–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwood, A.M., Parrot, N., Jenkins, T., Gillmor, D., Gaffey, S., & Cawley, M. (2000). Craft producers on the Celtic fringe: Marginal lifestyles in marginal regions? Paper presented at 15th International Society for the Study of marginal regions seminar, Newfoundland.

  • Stanforth, N., & Muske, G. (1999). Family and consumer science students’ interest in entrepreneurship education. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 91(4), 34–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, M., Hughes, J. D., & Lynch, P. (2018). Lifestyling entrepreneurs’ sociological expressionism. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tho, N. D., & Trang, N. T. M. (2015). Can knowledge be transferred from business schools to business organizations through in-service training students? SEM and fsQCA findings. Journal of Business Research, 68(6), 1332–1340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R. (2000). Small firms in the tourism industry: Some conceptual issues. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(5), 345–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., Shaw, G., & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32(5), 963–976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsoutsoura, M. (2004). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance (working paper). Retrieved the 12 of September from: https://escholarship.org/content/qt111799p2/qt111799p2.pdf

  • Turban, D. B., & Greening, D. W. (1997). Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 658-672.

  • Waddock, S., & Graves, S. (1997). The corporate social performance - financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18(4), 303–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2018). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance in historic towns. Journal of Travel Research. 1-15.

  • Weiermair, K., & Peters, M. (1998). Entrepreneurial small- and medium sized tourism enterprises. In K. S. Chon (Ed.), Tourism and hotel industry in Indo-China and Southeast Asia: Development, marketing and sustainability (pp. 235–243). Houston: Hilton College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D.J. (2000). The not-ready-for-prime-time scholars: theory, research, passion and integrity in business and society, paper presented at the 1st annual conversazione on business, issues and society, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, 3–4 June.

  • Woodside, A. G. (2013). Moving beyond multiple regression analysis to algorithms: Calling for adoption of a paradigm shift from symmetric to asymmetric thinking in data analysis and crafting theory. Journal of Business Research, 66, 463–472.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana Grant project number GV/2019/133.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Gascó Oliag 3, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    María Huertas González-Serrano, Josep Crespo Hervás & Ferran Calabuig Moreno

  2. Department of Sport Management, Economics and Sociology, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto 6, LT-44221, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Irena Valantine

  3. Administration Department, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Street Alonso Ribera 2850, 4090541, Concepción, Chile

    Manuel Alonso Dos-Santos

Authors
  1. María Huertas González-Serrano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Josep Crespo Hervás
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Irena Valantine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Manuel Alonso Dos-Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ferran Calabuig Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ferran Calabuig Moreno.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 9 Questionnaire
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

González-Serrano, M.H., Hervás, J.C., Valantine, I. et al. Impact of lifestyle oriented-motivation and corporate social responsibility on multiadventure sports firms´ performance. Int Entrep Manag J 16, 935–959 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00611-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-019-00611-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation