Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Women entrepreneurs and work-family conflict: an analysis of the antecedents

  • Published:
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Over the years, academic attention towards work-family conflict (WFC) issues has been constantly growing due to the socio-economic changes occurring in society. In line with this, great effort has been devoted to investigating WFC experienced by employees, while still almost untapped is the conversation with reference to women entrepreneurs. Moreover, the few studies that deal with women entrepreneurs’ WFC have mainly analysed its negative consequences rather than its predictors. Thus, this study aims to fill such research gap by analysing women entrepreneurs’ WFC antecedents. Based on the bidimensional conceptualization of WFC, distinguishing between work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW), this study verifies an expanded model of the WFC which takes into consideration either the within-domain effects or the cross-domain effects of work and family stressors on WIF and FIW experienced by women entrepreneurs. In doing so, an analysis based on data from 669 women entrepreneurs has been conducted. Results show that both within-domain relationships and cross-domain relationships play a key role in explaining the WFC experienced by women entrepreneurs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. *, **, *** significant at 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 level, respectively.

References

  • Adams, G. A., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H. E., & Cliff, J. E. (2003). The pervasive effects of family on entrepreneurship: Toward a family Embeddedness perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00011-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anatan, L. (2013). A proposed conceptual framework of work-family/family-work facilitation (wff/fwf) approach in inter-role conflict. Journal of Global Management, 6(1), 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S., & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787–810.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annink, A., & den Dulk, L. (2012). Autonomy: The panacea for self-employed women's work-life balance? Community, Work & Family, 15(4), 383–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2012.723901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aryee, S., Luk, V., Leung, A., & Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Dollard, M. F. (2008). How job demands affect partners' experience of exhaustion: Integrating work-family conflict and crossover theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 901–911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batt, R., & Valcour, P. M. (2003). Human resources practices as predictors of work-family outcomes and employee turnover. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 42(2), 189–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baugh, S. G., Hunt, J. G., & Scandura, T. A. (2006). Reviewing by the numbers: Evaluating quantitative research. In Y. Baruch, S. E. Sullivan, & H. N. Schepmyer (Eds.), Winning reviews: A guide for evaluating scholarly writing (pp. 156–172). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beigi, M., Mirkhalilzadeh Ershadi, S., & Shirmohammadi, M. (2012). Work-family conflict and its antecedents among Iranian operating room personnel. Management Research Review, 35(10), 958–973. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211272688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellavia, G., & Frone, M. (2005). Work-family conflict. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway, & M. Frone (Eds.), Handbook of work stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412975995.n6.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, P., Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2004). Contesting time: International comparisons of employee control of working time. ILR Review, 57(3), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390405700301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beutell, N., Schneer, A., & J. (2014). Work-family conflict and synergy among Hispanics. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(6), 705–735. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohen, H., & Viveros-Long, A. (1981). Balancing jobs and family life. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1998). Structural equation models. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyar, S. L., & Mosley, D. C. (2007). The relationship between core self-evaluations and work and family satisfaction: The mediating role of work-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(2), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.06.001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work-family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvo-Salguero, A., Martínez-de-Lecea, J. M. S., & del Carmen Aguilar-Luzón, M. (2012). Gender and work-family conflict: Testing the rational model and the gender role expectations model in the Spanish cultural context. International Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 118–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.595414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. S., & Perrewe, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management, 25(4), 513–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, A., Chen, S. C., & Chi, S. C. S. (2014). Role salience and support as moderators of demand/conflict relationships in China. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(6), 859–874. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.821739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00098.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewberry, C. (2004). Statistical methods for organizational research: Theory and practice. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203414897.

  • Dilworth, J. E. L. (2004). Predictors of negative spillover from family to work. Journal of Family Issues, 25(2), 241–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03257406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (2001). Work-life balance in the new millennium: Where are we? Where do we need to go? (Vol. 4). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahlén, S. (2014). Does gender matter? Policies, norms and the gender gap in work-to-home and home-to-work conflict across Europe. Community, Work & Family, 17(4), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2014.899486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fassott, G., Fassott, G., Henseler, J., Henseler, J., Coelho, P. S., & Coelho, P. S. (2016). Testing moderating effects in PLS path models with composite variables. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1887–1900. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-06-2016-0248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forson, C. (2013). Contextualising migrant black business women's work-life balance experiences. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 19(5), 460–477. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2011-0126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S. D., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2000). Work and family – Allies or enemies? What happens when business professionals confront life choices. USA: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112757.001.0001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., & Yardley, J. K. (1996). Workplace family-supportive programmes: Predictors of employed parents' importance ratings. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(4), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1996.tb00621.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992a). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family Interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992b). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130708.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., Yardley, J. K., & Markel, K. S. (1997). Developing and testing an integrative model of the work-family Interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, C. K., & Shaffer, M. A. (2001). The tug of work and family: Direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel Review, 30(5), 502–522. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005936.

    Google Scholar 

  • Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Consortium. (2017), GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Global Reports, 2016. http://www.gemconsortium.org/. Accessed 2 October 2017.

  • Greenhaus, J.H., & Allen, T.D. (2011). Work–family balance: A review and extension of the literature, in Quick, J. C. E., & Tetrick, L. E.(Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 165-183). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Kopelman, R. E. (1981). Conflict between work and nonwork roles: Implications for the career planning process. Human Resource Planning, 4(1), 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future direction. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work (pp. 391–412). Newbury Park: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365.n20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., Bedeian, A. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1987). Work experiences, job performance, and feelings of personal and family well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(2), 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90057-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., Granrose, C. S., Rabinowitz, S., & Beutell, N. J. (1989). Sources of work-family conflict among two-career couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(89)90010-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grzywacz, J., Almeida, D., & McDonald, D. A. (2002). Work-family spillover and daily reports of work and family stress in the adult labor force. Family Relations, 51(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00028.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560–568. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, L. B., Neal, M. B., Newson, J. T., Brockwood, K. J., & Colton, C. L. (2005). A longitudinal study of the effects of dual-earner couples’ utilization of family-friendly workplace supports on work and family outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 799–810. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampton, A., Cooper, S., & Mcgowan, P. (2009). Female entrepreneurial networks and networking activity in technology-based ventures: An exploratory study. International Small Business Journal, 27(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242608100490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargis, M. B., Kotrba, L. M., Zhdanova, L., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). What's really important? Examining the relative importance of antecedents to work-family conflict. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23(4), 386–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J. (2005). Work-family facilitation and conflict, working fathers and mothers, work-family stressors and support. Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 793–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05277542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1989). Organising for cultural diversity. European Management Journal, 7(4), 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(89)90075-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holahan, C. K., & Gilbert, L. A. (1979). Interrole conflict for working women: Careers versus jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(1), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.64.1.86.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co..

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2004). The time divide: Work, family, and gender inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2013.782190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J. E., & McDougald, M. S. (2007). Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 747–760. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.25275510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanungo, R. N. (1982a). Work alienation and involvement: Problems and prospects. International Review of Applied Psychology, 30(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanungo, R. N. (1982b). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., & Tranby, E. (2011). Changing workplaces to reduce work-family conflict: Schedule control in a white-collar organization. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411400056.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinman, G., & Jones, F. (2008). Effort-reward imbalance, over-commitment and work-life conflict: Testing an expanded model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810861365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, U., & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations; Studies Towards the Integration of the Social Sciences, 51(2), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Geurts, S., & Pulkkinen, L. (2006). Types of work-family interface: Well-being correlates of negative and positive spillover between work and family. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00502.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, J., & Tootell, B. (2008). Is entrepreneurship the answer to achieving work-family balance? Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 285–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2006). Work-supportive family, family supportive supervision, use of organizational benefits, and problem-focused coping: Implications for work-family conflict and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.2.169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, S. A. (2006). An integrative model of perceived available support, work-family conflict and support mobilisation. Journal of Management & Organization, 12(2), 160–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee Siew Kim, J., & Seow Ling, C. (2001). Work-family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Singapore. Women in Management Review, 16(5), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420110395692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, N., Zvonkovic, A. M., & Crawford, D. W. (2014). The impact of work-family conflict and facilitation on women’s perceptions of role balance. Journal of Family Issues, 35(9), 1252–1274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13481332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingard, H., Francis, V., & Turner, M. (2012). Work time demands, work time control and supervisor support in the Australian construction industry: An analysis of work-family interaction. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 19(6), 647–665. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699981211277559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loscocco, K. A. (1997). Work-family linkages among self-employed women and men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loscocco, K., & Bird, S. R. (2012). Gendered paths: Why women lag behind men in small business success. Work and Occupations, 39(2), 183–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888412444282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loscocco, K. A., Robinson, J., Hall, R. H., & Allen, J. K. (1991). Gender and small business success: An inquiry into women’s relative disadvantage. Social Forces, 70(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/70.1.65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S. F., & Huang, M. T. (2006). A cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict and wellbeing: The Taiwanese vs British. Career Development International, 11(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430610642354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luk, D. M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2005). Work and family domain stressors and support: Within- and cross-domain influences on work–family conflict. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X26741.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mari, M., Poggesi, S., & De Vita, L. (2016). Family embeddedness and business performance: Evidences from women-owned firms. Management Decision, 52(2), 476–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6), 921–936. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, T., Ohsawa, T., & Onglatco, M. L. (1995). Work-family conflict and the stress-buffering effects of husband support and coping behavior among Japanese married working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47(2), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1995.1034.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnity, F., & Calvert, E. (2009). Work-life conflict and social inequality in Western Europe. Social Indicators Research, 93(3), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9433-2.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the consequences associated with work-family enrichment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 381–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9141-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.05.004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, J. S., & Clark, M. A. (2009). Has it been affect all along? A test of work-to-family and family-to-work models of conflict, enrichment, and satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work-family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, T. R. (1985). An evaluation of the validity of correlational research conducted in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 192–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. E. (2000). Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion consequences. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 335–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netemeyer, R. G., McMurrian, R., & Boles, J. S. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, L. P., Kuar, L. S., & Cheng, W. H. (2016). Influence of work-family conflict and work-family positive spillover on healthcare professionals’ job satisfaction. Business Management Dynamics, 5(11), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, H., & Sawang, S. (2016). Juggling or struggling? Work and family interface and its buffers among small business owners. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 6(2), 207–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, T. R., Carlson, D. S., & Lankau, M. J. (2001). The supportive mentor as a means of reducing work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 364–381. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1806.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohe, C., Meier, L. L., Sonntag, K., & Michel, A. (2015). The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 522–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noor, N. (2004). Work-family conflict, work- and family-role salience and women’s well-being. Journal of Social Psychology, 144(4), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.144.4.389-406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman, S., & Simmers, C. A. (2001). Type of employment, work-family conflict and wellbeing: A comparative study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 551–568. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman, S., Purohit, Y. S., Godshalk, V. M., & Beutell, N. J. (1996). Work and family variables, entrepreneurial career success, and psychological well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock B., Skinner, N. & Williams, P (2007). Work, life and time. The Australian Work and Life Index.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poggesi, S., Mari, M., & De Vita, L. (2016). What’s new in female entrepreneurship research? Answers from the literature. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(3), 735–764

  • Powell, G. N., & Eddleston, K. A. (2013). Linking family-to-business enrichment and support to entrepreneurial success: Do female and male entrepreneurs experience different outcomes? Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.02.007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehman, S., & Azam Roomi, M. (2012). Gender and work-life balance: A phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robichaud, Y., Zinger, J. T., & LeBrasseur, R. (2007). Gender differences within early stage and established small enterprises: An exploratory study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 3(3), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0039-y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieman, S., Milkie, M. A., & Galvin, P. (2009). When work interferes with life: Work-nonwork interference and the influence of work-related demands and resources. American Sociological Review, 74(6), 966–988. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, L. M. (2006). Female entrepreneurs, work-family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work-family interface. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2006.00168.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2007). When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shockley, K. M., & Singla, N. (2011). Reconsidering work—Family interactions and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 861–886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310394864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoner, C. R., Hartman, R. I., & Arora, R. (1990). Work-home role conflict in female owners of small businesses: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(1), 30–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, D. M., & Meek, W. R. (2012). Gender and entrepreneurship: A review and process model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(5), 428–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211235373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 48(1), 159–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teo, S. T., Newton, C., & Soewanto, K. (2013). Context-specific stressors, work-related social support and work-family conflict: A mediation study. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 38(1), 14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tews, M. J., Noe, R. A., Scheurer, A. J., & Michel, J. W. (2016). The relationships of work-family conflict and core self-evaluations with informal learning in a managerial context. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(1), 92–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1512–1523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Relationships between work–family dynamics and parenting experiences: A dyadic analysis of dual-earner couples. Work and Stress, 30(3), 243–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1211772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314–334. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00028.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS Quarterly, 177–195.

  • Winn, J. (2005). Women entrepreneurs: Can we remove the barriers? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-2602-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, M., Griffeth, R. W., & Fried, D. D. (2012). Work-family conflict and individual consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(7), 696–713. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941211259520.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics, Tor Vergata University, Via Columbia, 200133, Rome, Italy

    Sara Poggesi & Michela Mari

  2. Faculty of Political Science, Sociology, Communication, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria, 11300198, Rome, Italy

    Luisa De Vita

Authors
  1. Sara Poggesi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michela Mari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luisa De Vita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sara Poggesi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Poggesi, S., Mari, M. & De Vita, L. Women entrepreneurs and work-family conflict: an analysis of the antecedents. Int Entrep Manag J 15, 431–454 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0484-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0484-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation