Table 1 Clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, lipid peroxides, and adhesion molecules at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up

Age (year)

45.3 ± 0.88

48.1 ± 0.89

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 0.32

24.6 ± 0.29

0.953

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.90 ± 0.01

0.91 ± 0.01

0.267

Systolic BP (mmHg)

120.1 ± 1.50

120.8 ± 1.99

0.940

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

74.9 ± 1.35

75.2 ± 1.60

0.954

Triglyceride (mg/dL)^a

137.8 ± 10.7

138.8 ± 10.7

0.953

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

192.4 ± 4.61

190.3 ± 4.31

0.987

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

51.5 ± 1.87

45.3 ± 1.50

<0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a

114.9 ± 4.73

118.8 ± 3.95

0.119

Glucose (mg/dL)^a

93.9 ± 1.55

96.0 ± 1.72

0.117

Insulin (μU/mL)^a

8.34 ± 0.43

8.04 ± 0.48

0.581

HOMA-IR^a

1.94 ± 0.11

1.90 ± 0.12

0.946

hs-CRP (mg/L)^a

1.23 ± 0.25

0.84 ± 0.08

0.941

Serum IL-6 (pg/mL)^a

4.83 ± 0.50

4.17 ± 0.46

0.130

White blood cells (×10⁹/L)^a

6.16 ± 0.31

5.77 ± 0.17

0.639

Adiponectin (μg/mL)^a

5.27 ± 0.31

5.39 ± 0.27

0.224

ba-PWV (cm/s)^a

1,340.3 ± 27.5

1,357.2 ± 29.5

0.264

8-epi-PGF_2α (pg/mg creatinine)^a

1,353.8 ± 73.7

1,384.6 ± 67.5

0.838

Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)^a

9.92 ± 0.31

12.4 ± 0.47

<0.001

Oxidized LDL (U/L)^a

34.0 ± 1.46

43.0 ± 1.89

<0.001

sICAM-1 (pg/mL)

193.3 ± 7.65

193.5 ± 9.38

0.658

sVCAM-1 (pg/mL)

676.5 ± 46.9

749.7 ± 65.4

0.043

P-selectin (pg/mL)

33.9 ± 1.65

37.1 ± 2.20

0.153