Abstract
Plant protection products (PPP) are extensively used to protect plants against harmful organisms, but they also have unintended effects on non-target organisms, especially terrestrial invertebrates. The impact of PPP on ecosystem functions provided by these non-target invertebrates remains, however, unclear. The objectives of this article were to review PPP impacts on the ecosystem functions provided by pollinators, predators and parasitoids, and soil organisms, and to identify the factors that aggravate or mitigate PPP effects. The literature highlights that PPP alter several ecosystem functions: provision and maintenance of biodiversity, pollination, biotic interactions and habitat completeness in terrestrial ecosystems, and organic matter and soil structure dynamics. However, there are still a few studies dealing with ecosystem functions, with sometimes contradictory results, and consequences on agricultural provisioning services remain unclear. The model organisms used to assess PPP ecotoxicological effects are still limited, and should be expanded to better cover the wide functional diversity of terrestrial invertebrates. Data are lacking on PPP sublethal, transgenerational, and “cocktail” effects, and on their multitrophic consequences. In empirical assessments, studies on PPP unintended effects should consider agricultural-pedoclimatic contexts because they influence the responses of non-target organisms and associated ecosystem functions to PPP. Modeling might be a promising way to account for the complex interactions among PPP mixtures, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.
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Acknowledgements
This review was done under the framework of the French collective scientific assessment (CSA) on the “Impacts of plant protection products on biodiversity and ecosystem services” coordinated by INRAE and Ifremer for the French Ministries of Ecology, for Research, and for Agriculture. The authors would like to acknowledge the INRAE scientific Director of Environment, Dr. Thierry Caquet, and the general directorate of the Ifremer, and Dr. Guy Richard, head of the INRAE Directorate for Collective Scientific Assessment, Foresight and Advanced Studies (DEPE). They also would like to thank Sophie Leenhardt (INRAE), project manager of the CSA, Dr. Stéphane Pesce (INRAE) and Dr. Wilfried Sanchez (Ifremer), scientific leaders of the CSA together with Dr. Laure Mamy (INRAE), and Lucile Wargniez for illustrations.
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This work was funded by the French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) through the national Ecophyto plan.
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Colette Bertrand, Stéphanie Aviron, Céline Pelosi, Juliette Faburé, Sophie Le Perchec, Laure Mamy, and Magali Rault contributed to the study conception and design, and to the data collection. The first draft of the manuscript was co-written, and Colette Bertrand, Stéphanie Aviron, Céline Pelosi, Juliette Faburé, Sophie Le Perchec, Laure Mamy, and Magali Rault commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Colette Bertrand, Stéphanie Aviron, Céline Pelosi, Juliette Faburé, Sophie Le Perchec, Laure Mamy, and Magali Rault read and approved the final manuscript.
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Bertrand, C., Aviron, S., Pelosi, C. et al. Effects of plant protection products on ecosystem functions provided by terrestrial invertebrates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 32, 2956–2974 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34534-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34534-w