Abstract
The placing of plant protection products (PPPs) on the market in the European Union is governed by numerous regulations. These regulations are among the most stringent in the world, however they have been the subject of criticisms especially because of the decline in biodiversity. The objectives of this work were to review (1) the functioning and actors involved in the PPP framework processes, (2) the construction of the environmental risk assessment focused on biodiversity, and (3) the suggested ways to respond to the identified limits. Both literature from social sciences and ecotoxicology were examined. Despite the protective nature of the European regulation on PPPs, the very imperfect consideration of biodiversity in the evaluation process was underlined. The main limits are the multiplicity of applicable rules, the routinization of the evaluation procedures, the lack of consideration of social data, and the lack of independence of the evaluation. Strengths of the regulation are the decision to integrate a systemic approach in the evaluation of PPPs, the development of modeling tools, and the phytopharmacovigilance systems. The avenues for improvement concern the realism of the risk assessment (species used, cocktail effects…), a greater transparency and independence in the conduct of evaluations, and the opening of the evaluation and decision-making processes to actors such as beekeepers or NGOs. Truly interdisciplinary reflections crossing the functioning of the living world, its alteration by PPPs, and how these elements question the users of PPPs would allow to specify social actions, public policies, and their regulation to better protect biodiversity.
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Acknowledgements
This review was done under the framework of the French collective scientific assessment (CSA) on the “Impacts of plant protection products on biodiversity and ecosystem services” coordinated by INRAE and Ifremer for the French Ministries of Ecology, for Research, and for Agriculture. The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Thierry Caquet, the INRAE scientific Director of Environment, and the general directorate of the Ifremer; and Dr Guy Richard, head of the INRAE Directorate for Collective Scientific Assessment, Foresight and Advanced Studies (DEPE). They also would like to thank Sophie Leenhardt (INRAE), project manager of the CSA; Dr Stéphane Pesce (INRAE) and Dr Wilfried Sanchez (Ifremer), scientific leaders of the CSA together with Dr Laure Mamy (INRAE); and Lucile Wargniez for illustrations.
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This work was funded by the French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) through the national Ecophyto plan.
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Isabelle Doussan, Carole Barthélémy, Philippe Berny, Eve Bureau-Point, Marie-France Corio-Costet, Sophie Le Perchec, and Laure Mamy contributed equally to the study conception and design, and to the data collection. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Laure Mamy. Isabelle Doussan, Carole Barthélémy, Philippe Berny, Eve Bureau-Point, Marie-France Corio-Costet, Sophie Le Perchec, and Laure Mamy contributed to subsequent revisions of the manuscript. Isabelle Doussan, Carole Barthélémy, Philippe Berny, Eve Bureau-Point, Marie-France Corio-Costet, Sophie Le Perchec, and Laure Mamy read and approved the final manuscript.
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Doussan, I., Barthélémy, C., Berny, P. et al. Regulatory framework for the assessment of the impacts of plant protection products on biodiversity: review of strengths and limits. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33638-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33638-7