Abstract
A multibiomarker approach helps assess environmental health as it provides a complete tool to understand the effects of environmental stressors on ecosystems and human health. We applied this approach in the central Atlantic Ocean of Morocco, an area subjected to the impact of many types of pollutants, threatening the durability of its resources. In this study, four biomarkers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), metallothioneins (MTs), and catalase (CAT) were measured in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from four sites: Imsouane (S1), Cap Ghir (S2), Imi Ouaddar (S3), and Douira (S4). These sites were chosen due to the diversity of impacts ranging from industrial to agricultural and touristic. We also assembled all the enzymatic responses (AChE, GST, CAT, and MTs), using the integrated biomarker response (IBR), to estimate the degree of impact of pollutants at the prospected sites to reveal all the complex interactions between biomarkers and to classify sites via the integrated approach. Results show a seasonal change in biomarker responses with variability between sites. We also recorded the highest levels of AChE inhibition and GST induction in S1, higher levels of catalase activity in S4, and a significant impact on metallothionein concentration in S1 and S3. This project highlights the interest in using a multibiomarker approach to ensure accurate interpretation of biomarker variation to protect the Moroccan coast and its resources.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbassi M, Banaoui A, Abderrazak K, Elkhou A, Nadir M, Lefrere L (2015) Biomarker approach to the assessment of the health status of Moroccan marine ecosystems: preliminary study in Sidi Ifni coast (South of Morocco). J Mater Environ Sci 6(11):3086–3093
Abelouah MR, Ben-Haddad M, Alla AA, Rangel-Buitrago N (2021) Marine litter in the central Atlantic coast of Morocco. Ocean Coast Manag 214:105940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105940
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(84)05016-3
Agnaou M, Ait Alla A, Ouassas M, Bazzi L, El Alami Z, Moukrim A (2014) Assessment of organochlorine pesticides contamination of Oued Souss estuary (South of Morocco): seasonal variability in sediment and a detritivore annelid Neries diversicolor. J Mater Environ Sci 5(2):581–586 (Scopus)
Agnaou M, Nadir M, Ait Alla A, Bazzi LH, El Alami Z, Moukrim A et al (2018) The occurrence and spatial distribution of pesticides in sea water of the Agadir bay (south of Morocco). J Mater Environ Sci 9(10):3001–3008
Aldo Viarengo BB, Dondero F, Marro A, Fabbri R (1999) Metallothionein as a tool in biomonitoring programmes. Biomarkers 4(6):455–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/135475099230615
Bainy A, Medeiros M, Di Mascio P, Almeida E (2006) In vivo effects of metals on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the Perna perna mussel’s digestive gland. Biotemas 19
Balbi T, Fabbri R, Montagna M, Camisassi G, Canesi L (2017) Seasonal variability of different biomarkers in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farmed at different sites of the Gulf of La Spezia, Ligurian sea, Italy. Mar Pollut Bull 116(1):348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.035
Banni M, Sforzini S, Franzellitti S, Oliveri C, Viarengo A, Fabbri E (2015) Molecular and cellular effects induced in Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with oxytetracycline at different temperatures. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0128468. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128468
Bebianno MJ, Machado LM (1997) Concentrations of metals and metallothioneins in Mytilus galloprovincialis along the south coast of Portugal. Mar Pollut Bull 34(8):666–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00036-2
Bebianno MJ, Serafim MA (2003) Variation of metal and metallothionein concentrations in a natural population of Ruditapes decussatus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44(1):53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-2004-7
Beliaeff B, Burgeot T (2002) Integrated biomarker response: a useful tool for ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 21(6):1316–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210629
Benali I, Boutiba Z, Merabet A, Chèvre N (2015) Integrated use of biomarkers and condition indices in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) for monitoring pollution and development of biomarker index to assess the potential toxic of coastal sites. Mar Pollut Bull 95(1):385–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.041
Ben-Haddad M, Abelouah MR, Hajji S, Rangel-Buitrago N, Hamadi F, Alla AA (2022) Microplastics pollution in sediments of Moroccan urban beaches: the Taghazout coast as a case study. Mar Pollut Bull 180:113765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113765
Ben-Haddad M, Abelouah MR, Lamine I, Hajji S, Noureddine S, Rangel-Buitrago N, Ait Alla A (2023) Trace metals in urbanized coasts: the central Atlantic of Morocco as a case study. Mar Pollut Bull 186:114455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114455
Bocquené G, Galgani F (1998) Biological effects of contaminants: cholinesterase inhibition by organophosphate and carbamate compounds. ICES Tech Mar Environ Sci 22:1–12 (Scopus)
Bocquené G, Galgani F, Truquet P (1990) Characterization and assay conditions for use of ACHe activity from several marine species in pollution monitoring. Mar Environ Res 30(2):75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(90)90012-D
Bocquené G, Chantereau S, Clérendeau C, Beausir E, Ménard D, Raffin B, Minier C, Burgeot T, Leszkowicz AP, Narbonne J-F (2004) Biological effects of the “Erika” oil spill on the common mussel (Mytilus edulis). Aquat Living Resour 17(3):3. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004033
Boudjema K, Kourdali S, Bounakous N, Meknachi A, Badis A (2014) Catalase activity in brown mussels (Perna perna) under acute cadmium, lead, and copper exposure and depuration tests. J Mar Sci 2014:e830657. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/830657
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999
Chahouri A, Agnaou M, El Hanaoui M, Yacoubi B, Moukrim A, Banaoui A (2022) Assessment of seasonal and spatial variation responses of integrated biomarkers in two marine sentinel bivalve species: Agadir Bay (Southern of Morocco). Mar Pollut Bull 174:113179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113179
Chahouri A, Yacoubi B, Moukrim A, Banaoui A (2023) Bivalve molluscs as bioindicators of multiple stressors in the marine environment: recent advances. Cont Shelf Res 264:105056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.105056
Chen C, Guo W, Ngo HH (2019) Pesticides in stormwater runoff—a mini review. Front Environ Sci Eng 13(5):72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1150-3
Cravo A, Pereira C, Gomes T, Cardoso C, Serafim A, Almeida C, Rocha T, Lopes B, Company R, Medeiros A, Norberto R, Pereira R, Araújo O, Bebianno MJ (2012) A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Coast of Portugal. Mar Environ Res 75:23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.012
Crețu R (2021) Research on some freshwater fish catalase activity—as a potential biomarker for environmental pollution. Ann “Dunarea de Jos” Univ Galati Fascicle IX Metall Mate Sci 44(4):4. https://doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.4.04
Curpan A-S, Impellitteri F, Plavan G, Ciobica A, Faggio C (2022) Review: Mytilus galloprovincialis: an essential, low-cost model organism for the impact of xenobiotics on oxidative stress and public health. Comp Biochem Physiol Toxicol Pharmacol: CBP 256:109302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109302
Damiens G, His E, Gnassia-Barelli M, Quiniou F, Roméo M (2004) Evaluation of biomarkers in oyster larvae in natural and polluted conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol Toxicol Pharmacol: CBP 138(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.05.010
Devin S, Burgeot T, Giambérini L, Minguez L, Pain-Devin S (2014) The integrated biomarker response revisited: optimization to avoid misuse. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 21(4):2448–2454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2169-9
Duarte CA, Giarratano E, Amin OA, Comoglio LI (2011) Heavy metal concentrations and biomarkers of oxidative stress in native mussels (Mytilus edulis chilensis) from Beagle Channel coast (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Mar Pollut Bull 62(8):1895–1904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.031
El Haimeur B, Bouhallaoui M, Zbiry M, Elkhiati N, Talba S, Sforzini S, Viarengo A, Benhra A (2017) Use of biomarkers to evaluate the effects of environmental stressors on Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled along the Moroccan coasts: integrating biological and chemical data. Mar Environ Res 130:60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.05.010
EL Mourabit Y, Agnaou M, Ait Alla A, Moukrim A (2022) Assessment of the marine ecotoxic state in the Moroccan coastal area Anza-Taghazout following the installation of two wastewater treatment plants: a multibiomarker study using Mytilus galloprovincialis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(8):11718–11729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16046-z
Elazzaoui A, Moukrim A, Lefrere L (2019) A multibiomarker approach to assess the health state of coastal ecosystem receiving desalination plants in Agadir Bay, Morocco. Sci World J 2019:e5875027. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5875027
Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V, Feather-Stone RM (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 7:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9
Férard J-F, Blaise C (Eds.) (2013) Encyclopedia of aquatic ecotoxicology. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2
Frasco MF, Fournier D, Carvalho F, Guilhermino L (2005) Do metals inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE)? Implementation of assay conditions for the use of AChE activity as a biomarker of metal toxicity. Biomarkers 10(5):360–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547500500264660
Geffard A, Amiard-Triquet C, Amiard J-C (2005) Do seasonal changes affect metallothionein induction by metals in mussels, Mytilus edulis? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61(2):209–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.01.004
Geffard A, Quéau H, Dedourge O, Biagianti-Risboug S, Geffard O (2007) Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on metallothionein level in Gammarus pulex. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 145(4):632–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.012
Gilevska T, Masbou J, Baumlin B, Chaumet B, Chaumont C, Payraudeau S, Tournebize J, Probst A, Probst JL, Imfeld G (2022) Do pesticides degrade in surface water receiving runoff from agricultural catchments? Combining passive samplers (POCIS) and compound-specific isotope analysis. Sci Total Environ 842:156735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156735
Goldberg ED, Bowen VT, Farrington JW, Harvey G, Martin JH, Parker PL, Risebrough RW, Robertson W, Schneider E, Gamble E (1978) The mussel watch. Environ Conserv 5(2):101–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900005555
Gowland BTG, McIntosh AD, Davies I, Moffat C (2002) Glutathione S-transferase activity in mussels, Mytilus edulis, exposed to discharges from an aluminum smelter. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 69:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-002-0021-x
Grbin D, Sabolić I, Klobučar G, Dennis SR, Šrut M, Bakarić R, Baković V, Brkanac SR, Nosil P, Štambuk A (2019) Biomarker response of Mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis regarding environmental conditions, pollution impact and seasonal effects. Sci Total Environ 694:133470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.276
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249(22):7130–7139
Hagger JA, Jones MB, Lowe D, Leonard DRP, Owen R, Galloway TS (2008) Application of biomarkers for improving risk assessments of chemicals under the water framework directive: a case study. Mar Pollut Bull 56(6):1111–1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.040
Idhalla M, Bouhaimi A, Zekhnini A, Narbonne J, Mathieu M, Moukrim A (1997) Etude du cycle de reproduction de deux espèces de moules Perna perna (Linné, 1758) et Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 dans la baie d’Agadir (Sud du Maroc). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Etude-du-cycle-de-reproduction-de-deux-esp%C3%A8ces-de-Idhalla-Bouhaimi/10beafa2aa01d6705173caa72e07a533474348d3. Accessed 24/04/2023
Khessiba A, Roméo M, Aïssa P (2005) Effects of some environmental parameters on catalase activity measured in the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to lindane. Environ Pollut (Barking, Essex: 1987) 133(2):275–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.035
Kopecka-Pilarczyk J (2010) The effect of pesticides and metals on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in various tissues of blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus L.) in short-term in vivo exposures at different temperatures. J Environ Sci Health B Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes 45(4):336–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601231003704390
Lecoeur S, Videmann B, Berny Ph (2004) Evaluation of metallothionein as a biomarker of single and combined Cd/Cu exposure in Dreissena polymorpha. Environ Res 94(2):184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00069-0
Lomartire S, Marques JC, Gonçalves AMM (2021) Biomarkers based tools to assess environmental and chemical stressors in aquatic systems. Ecol Ind 122:107207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107207
Masski H, Stéphanis RD (2018) Cetaceans of the Moroccan coast: information from a reconstructed strandings database. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 98(5):1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315415001563
Mourgaud Y, Martinez E, Geffard A, Andral B, Stanisiere J-Y, Amiard J-C (2002) Metallothionein concentration in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as a biomarker of response to metal contamination: validation in the field. Biomark: Biochem Indic Expo Response Susceptibility Chem 7(6):479–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354750021000034528
Noura H, Mostapha CI, Tojo N (2014) Contribution to the algal biodiversity study in the Moroccan Atlantic coast. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Contribution-to-the-algal-biodiversity-studyin-the-Noura-mostapha/c177811b78d3bd7e2129b06e46912f8a525dbef0. Accessed 07/04/2023
Oaten JFP, Hudson MD, Jensen AC, Williams ID (2017) Seasonal effects to metallothionein responses to metal exposure in a naturalised population of Ruditapes philippinarum in a semi-enclosed estuarine environment. Sci Total Environ 575:1279–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.202
Orbea A, Marigómez I, Fernández C, Tarazona J, Cancio I, Cajaraville M (1999) Structure of peroxisomes and activity of the marker enzyme catalase in digestive epithelial cells in relation to PAH content of mussels from two Basque estuaries (Bay of Biscay): seasonal and site-specific variations. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36:158–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900456
Pavičić J, Raspor B, Martinčić D (1993) Quantitative determination of metallothionein-like proteins in mussels. Methodological approach and field evaluation. Mar Biol 115(3):435–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349842
Pfeifer S, Schiedek D, Dippner JW (2005) Effect of temperature and salinity on acetylcholinesterase activity, a common pollution biomarker, in Mytilus sp. From the south-western Baltic Sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 320(1):93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.12.020
Raftopoulou EK, Dimitriadis VK (2010) Assessment of the health status of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis along Thermaikos Gulf (Northern Greece): an integrative biomarker approach using ecosystem health indices. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73(7):1580–1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.06.027
Robillard S, Beauchamp G, Laulier M (2003) The role of abiotic factors and pesticide levels on enzymatic activity in the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea at three different exposure sites. Comp Biochem Physiol Toxicol Pharmacol: CBP 135(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00049-8
Roméo M, Hoarau P, Garello G, Gnassia-Barelli M, Girard JP (2003) Mussel transplantation and biomarkers as useful tools for assessing water quality in the NW Mediterranean. Environ Pollut 122(3):369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00303-2
Sáenz LA, Seibert EL, Zanette J, Fiedler HD, Curtius AJ, Ferreira JF, Alves de Almeida E, Marques MRF, Bainy ACD (2010) Biochemical biomarkers and metals in Perna perna mussels from mariculture zones of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73(5):796–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.02.015
Schettino T, Caricato R, Calisi A, Giordano ME, Lionetto MG (2012) Biomarker approach in marine monitoring and assessment: new insights and perspectives. Open Environ Sci 6(1):20–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876325101206010020
Serafim A, Company R, Lopes B, Fonseca VF, França S, Vasconcelos RP, Bebianno MJ, Cabral HN (2012) Application of an integrated biomarker response index (IBR) to assess temporal variation of environmental quality in two Portuguese aquatic systems. Ecol Ind 19:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.08.009
Silva dos Santos F, Neves RAF, Crapez MAC, Teixeira VL, Krepsky N (2022) How does the brown mussel Perna perna respond to environmental pollution? A review on pollution biomarkers. J Environ Sci 111:412–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.006
Stien X, Percic P, Gnassia-Barelli M, Roméo M, Lafaurie M (1998) Evaluation of biomarkers in caged fishes and mussels to assess the quality of waters in a bay of the NW Mediterranean Sea. Environ Pollut 99(3):339–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00013-X
Strogyloudi E, Angelidis MO, Christides A, Papathanassiou E (2012) Metal concentrations and metallothionein levels in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Elefsis bay (Saronikos gulf, Greece). Environ Monit Assess 184(12):7189–7205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2490-z
Taleb ZM, Benghali S, Kaddour A, Boutiba Z (2007) Monitoring the biological effects of pollution on the Algerian west coast using mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Oceanologia 49(4):543–564 (Scopus)
Trisciani A, Perra G, Caruso T, Silvano F, Corsi I (2012) Phase I and II biotransformation enzymes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) collected in front of an oil refinery. Mar Environ Res 79:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.04.006
Truchet DM, Negro CL, Buzzi NS, Mora MC, Marcovecchio JE (2023) Assessment of metal contamination in an urbanized estuary (Atlantic Ocean) using crabs as biomonitors: a multiple biomarker approach. Chemosphere 312:137317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137317
Vasylkiv OYu, Kubrak OI, Storey KB, Lushchak VI (2011) Catalase activity as a potential vital biomarker of fish intoxication by the herbicide aminotriazole. Pestic Biochem Physiol 101(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.05.005
Viarengo A, Ponzano E, Dondero F, Fabbri R (1997) A simple spectrophotometric method for metallothionein evaluation in marine organisms: an application to Mediterranean and Antarctic molluscs. Mar Environ Res 44(1):69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(96)00103-1
Viarengo A, Burlando B, Cavaletto M, Marchi B, Ponzano E, Blasco J (1999) Role of metallothionein against oxidative stress in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Am J Physiol 277(6):R1612-1619. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.6.R1612
Viarengo A, Lowe D, Bolognesi C, Fabbri E, Koehler A (2007) The use of biomarkers in biomonitoring: a 2-tier approach assessing the level of pollutant-induced stress syndrome in sentinel organisms. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 146(3):281–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.04.011
Viarengo A, Burlando B, Evangelisti V, Mozzone S, Dondero F (2001) Chapter 2—Sensitivity and specificity of metallothionein as a biomarker for aquatic environment biomonitoring. In P. Garrigues, H. Barth, C. H. Walker, & J. F. Narbonne (Eds.), Biomark Mar Org 29–43. Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044482913-9/50004-3
Vidal-Liñán L, Bellas J, Etxebarria N, Nieto O, Beiras R (2014) Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in mussels transplanted to harbour areas. Sci Total Environ 470–471:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.073
Vlahogianni T, Dassenakis M, Scoullos MJ, Valavanidis A (2007) Integrated use of biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation) in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis for assessing heavy metals’ pollution in coastal areas from the Saronikos Gulf of Greece. Mar Pollut Bull 54(9):1361–1371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.018
Woo S, Denis V, Won H, Shin K, Lee G, Lee T-K, Yum S (2013) Expressions of oxidative stress-related genes and antioxidant enzyme activities in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia, Mollusca) exposed to hypoxia. Zool Stud 52(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1810-522X-52-15
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere gratitude to the Marine Environmental Health Monitoring Laboratory (LSSMM) at the regional center of INRH in Agadir for sampling mussels in the best conditions. Additionally, we would like to convey our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Hassan Oubbamouh for his indispensable role in preparing the samples. Furthermore, we extend our sincerest appreciation to Pr. Nadia Boutaleb for her invaluable guidance in conducting the statistical analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Methodology, conceptualization, data collection, and analysis were performed by Hamza Benrahma. The supervision, reviewing, and editing were performed by Hlima Bessi, Mina Bouhallaoui, and Bouchra Elhaimeur. All authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
We hereby affirm that all authors have provided their explicit consent for the publication of this article. Furthermore, we confirm that we possess full authorization from our respective institutes to publish the content of this work.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Benrahma, H., Bouhallaoui, M., Elhaimeur, B. et al. Environmental assessment of the central Atlantic coast of Morocco using a multibiomarker approach in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33478-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33478-5