Abstract
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a single slope solar still and to assess the effect of nanofluid on its performance. A single basin single slope solar still was designed and fabricated at the Department of Chemical Engineering, IET Lucknow. Its performance was assessed in terms of the yield of potable water. The effect of various climatic parameters was also studied. Al2O3 nanofluid was used to enhance the yield of the solar still. In the presence of nanofluid, the total yield of the solar still improved by 16.6%. Its economic feasibility was analyzed and reported. The portability of the small size of solar stills, its better economics, easy fabrication, and good performance make them very useful for industrial as well as household purposes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Abdullah AS, Omara ZM, Essa FA, Alarjani A, Ibrahim Mansir B, Amro MI (2021) Enhancing the solar still performance using reflectors and sliding-wick belt. Sol Energy 214:268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.11.016
Abujazar MSS, Fatihah S, Rakmi AR, Shahrom MZ (2016) The effects of design parameters on productivity performance of a solar still for seawater desalination: a review. Desalination 385:178–193
Alagan M, Chandra Kishore S, Perumal S, Manoj D, Raji A, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Lee YR (2023) Narrative of hazardous chemicals in water: its potential removal approach and health effects. Chemosphere 335:139178. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.chemosphere.2023.139178
Alawee WH, Mohammed SA, Dhahad HA, Essac FA, Omarac ZM, Abdullahd AS (2021) Performance analysis of a double-slope solar still with elevated basin — comprehensive study. Desalin Water Treat 223:13–25. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27125
Altarawneh I, Rawadieh S, Batiha M, Al-Makhadmeh L, Alrowwad S, Tarawneh M (2017) Experimental and numerical performance analysis and optimization of single slope, double slope and pyramidal shaped solar stills. Desalination 423:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.023
Amalraj S, Michael PA (2019) Synthesis and characterization of Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles into nanofluids for solar panel applications. Results Phys 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102797
Arunkumar T, Raj K, Denkenberger D, Velraj R (2018) Heat carrier nanofluids in solar still – a review. Desalin Water Treat 130:1–16
Asadpourian E, Ameri A (2021) Enhancement of solar still productivity using CuO-GO nanocomposite: an experimental approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 124:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.05.008
Bhattacharyya A (2013) Solar stills for desalination of water in rural households. Int J Environ Sustain 2:21–30. https://doi.org/10.24102/ijes.v2i1.326
Boretti A, Rosa L (2019) Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. npj Clean Water 2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0039-9
Chaúque BJM, Rott MB (2021) Solar disinfection (SODIS) technologies as alternative for large-scale public drinking water supply: advances and challenges. Chemosphere 281:130754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130754
Chen L, Deng Y, Dong S, Wang H, Li P, Zhang H, Chu W (2021a) The occurrence and control of waterborne viruses in drinking water treatment: a review. Chemosphere 281:130728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130728
Chen L, Xu P, Kota K, Kuravi S, Wang H (2021b) Solar distillation of highly saline produced water using low-cost and high-performance carbon black and airlaid paper-based evaporator (CAPER). Chemosphere 269:129372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129372
Chithra A, Sekar R, Senthil Kumar P, Padmalaya G (2022) A review on removal strategies of microorganisms from water environment using nanomaterials and their behavioural characteristics. Chemosphere 295:133915. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.chemosphere.2022.133915
Dawn SS, Vishwakarma V (2021) Recovery and recycle of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals using adsorbents incorporated from waste resources and nanomaterials-a review. Chemosphere 273:129677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129677
Dhivagar R, Shoeibi S, Kargarsharifabad H, Ahmadi MH, Sharifpur M (2022) Performance enhancement of a solar still using magnetic powder as an energy storage medium-exergy and environmental analysis. Energy Sci Eng 10:3154–3166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1210
Do Thi HT, Pasztor T, Fozer D, Manenti F, Toth AJ (2021) Comparison of desalination technologies using renewable energy sources with life cycle, pestle, and multi-criteria decision analyses. Water (Switzerland) 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213023
Essa FA, Abdullah AK, Majdi HS, Basem A, Dhahad HA, Omara ZM, Mohammed SA, Alawee WH, Ezzi AA, Yusaf T (2022) Parameters affecting the efficiency of solar stills—recent review. Sustain 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710668
Gnanadason MK, Kumar PS, Wilson VH, Hariharan G, Vinayagamoorthi NS (2013) Design and performance analysis of an innovative single basin solar NanoStill. Smart Grid Renew Energy 4:88–98. https://doi.org/10.4236/sgre.2013.41012
Gong B, Yang H, Wu S, Tian Y, Yan J, Cen K, Bo Z, Ostrikov KK (2021) Phase change material enhanced sustained and energy-efficient solar-thermal water desalination. Appl Energy 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117463
Gupta B, Sharma R, Shankar P, Baredar P (2016) Performance enhancement of modified solar still using water sprinkler: an experimental approach. Perspect Sci 8:191–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.029
Hammoodi KA, Dhahad HA, Alawee WH, Omara ZM (2023) A detailed review of the factors impacting pyramid type solar still performance. Alexandria Eng J 66:123–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.12.006
Hasan MR (2021) A review on various designs of solar still. Int J Energy Technol 1–22. https://doi.org/10.32438/ijet.202107
Hoff R, Echeverria AD, Hoff GD, Kneip RC, Jank L, Arsand J, Goncalves FF (2019) Efficiency of a low-cost pyramid-shaped solar still for pesticide removal from highly contaminated water. Chemosphere 234:427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.062
Kabeel AE, Sathyamurthy R, Manokar AM, Sharshir SW, Essa FA, Elshiekh AH (2020) Experimental study on tubular solar still using graphene oxide nano particles in phase change material (NPCM’s) for fresh water production. J Energy Storage 28:101204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101204
Khan SAR, Ponce P, Yu Z, Golpîra H, Mathew M (2022) Environmental technology and wastewater treatment: Strategies to achieve environmental sustainability. Chemosphere 286:31532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131532
Kumar S, Bharathi R (2013) Effect of water depth on productivity of solar still with thermal energy storage. Int J Sci Res 2(2319–7064):413–417
Li D, Zhang X, Zhang S, Wang D, Wang Z, Liu Y, Yu X, Zhao Q, Xing B (2021) A flexible and salt-rejecting electrospun film-based solar evaporator for economic, stable and efficient solar desalination and wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 267:128916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128916
Manchanda H, Kumar M (2018) Study of water desalination techniques and a review on active solar distillation methods. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 37:444–464. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12657
Manna AK, Sen M, Martin AR, Pal P (2010) Removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater by solar-driven membrane distillation. Environ Pollut 158:805–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.002
Mousa H, Arabi MA (2013) Desalination and hot water production using solar still enhanced by external solar collector. Desalin Water Treat 51:1296–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.699237
Murugavel K, Anburaj P, Samuel Hanson R, Elango T (2013) Progresses in inclined type solar stills. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 20:364–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.047
Nagarajan PK, Subramani J, Suyambazhahan S, Sathyamurthy R (2014) Nanofluids for solar collector applications: a review. In: Energy Procedia. Elsevier Ltd, pp 2416–2434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.017
Ng KC, Burhan M, Chen Q, Ybyraiymkul D, Akhtar FH, Kumja M, Field RW, Shahzad MW (2021) A thermodynamic platform for evaluating the energy efficiency of combined power generation and desalination plants. npj Clean Water 4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00114-5
Özcan Y, Deniz E (2023) Solar thermal waste heat energy recovery in solar distillation systems by using thermoelectric generators. Eng Sci Technol an Int J 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2023.101362
Pal P, Nayak AK, Dev R (2018) A modified double slope basin type solar distiller: experimental and enviro-economic study. Evergreen 5:52–61. https://doi.org/10.5109/1929730
Patel SG, Bhatnagar S, Vardia J, Ameta SC (2006) Use of photocatalysts in solar desalination. Desalination 189:287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.07.010
Patel HE, Sundararajan T, Das SK (2010) An experimental investigation into the thermal conductivity enhancement in oxide and metallic nanofluids. J Nanoparticle Res 12:1015–1031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9658-2
Patel SK, Kumar B, Kumar P, Singh D (2020a) Enhancing the performance of modified solar still using Al2O3 nanofluid by harvesting solar energy. J Indian Chem Soc 97:1008–1013
Patel SK, Kumar B, Pal P, Dev R, Singh D (2020b) Production of potable water from Gomti River by using modified double slope solar still with external mounted reflectors. Sol Energy 209:576–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.09.036
Porta-Gándara MA, Fernández-Zayas JL, Chargoy-del-Valle N (2020) Solar still distillation enhancement through water surface perturbation. Sol Energy 196:312–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.028
Prakash O, Ahmad A, Kumar A, Chatterjee R, Chattopadhyaya S, Sharma S, Sharma A, Li C, Eldin EMT (2022) Performance analysis, and economic-feasibility evaluation of single-slope single-basin domestic solar still under different water-depths. Energies 15:8517. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228517
Pratap B, Kumar S, Nand S, Azad I, Bharagava RN, Ferreira LFR, Dutta V (2023) Wastewater generation and treatment by various eco-friendly technologies: possible health hazards and further reuse for environmental safety. Chemosphere 313:137547. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.chemosphere.2022.137547
Raj G, Prabhansu D, Kumar R, Chandra P, Saurabh S (2019) Experimental study of solar still augmented with low-cost energy absorbing and releasing materials. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 42:56–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1587054
Rashidi S, Karimi N, Mahian O, Abolfazli Esfahani J (2019) A concise review on the role of nanoparticles upon the productivity of solar desalination systems. J Therm Anal Calorim 135:1145–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7500-8
Safaei MR, Goshayeshi HR, Chaer I (2019) Solar still efficiency enhancement by using graphene oxide/paraffin nano-PCM. Energies 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12102002
Sahota L, Tiwari GN (2016) Effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of passive double slope solar still. Sol Energy 130:260–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.018
Saravanakumar R, Venugopal J, Udagani C, Thiyagarajan V, Kumar SKN, Karnan L, Kabeel AE, Madhu B, Sathyamurthy R (2022) A mini review on recent advancements in inclined solar still. Energy Rep 8:641–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.09.174
Sathyamurthy R, Kennady HJ, Nagarajan PK, Ahsan A (2014) Factors affecting the performance of triangular pyramid solar still. Desalination 344:383–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.04.005
Shakerian M, Karrabi M, Gheibi M, Fathollahi -Fard AM, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M, (2022) Evaluating the performance of a solar distillation technology in the desalination of brackish waters. Processes 10:1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081626
Shatar NM, Sabri MFM, Salleh MFM, Ani MH (2023) Energy, exergy, economic, environmental analysis for solar still using partially coated condensing cover with thermoelectric cover cooling. J Clean Prod 387:135833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135833
Siddula S, Stalin N, Mahesha CR, Dattu VSNCH, Hemavathi S, Singh DP, Mohanavel V, Sathyamurthy R (2022) Triangular and single slope solar stills: performance and yield studies with different water mass. Energy Rep 8:480–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.225
Singh D, Singh D, Mishra V, Kushwaha J, Dev R, Patel SK, Shankar R, Giri BS (2023) Sustainability issues of solar desalination hybrid systems integrated with heat exchangers for the production of drinking water: a review. Desalination 566:116930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2023.116930
Singh D, Singh S, Singh D, Kushwaha J, Mishra V, Patel SK, Tewari S, Giri BS (2024) Sustainable pathways for solar desalination using nanofluids: a critical review. Environ Res 241:117654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117654
Tiwari GN, Sahota L (2017) Review on the energy and economic efficiencies of passive and active solar distillation systems. Desalination 401:151–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.08.023
Tuly SS, Islam MS, Hassan R, Das BK, Sarker MRI (2022) Investigation of a modified double slope solar still integrated with nanoparticle-mixed phase change materials: energy, exergy, exergo-economic, environmental, and sustainability analyses. Case Stud Therm Eng 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102256
Ullah I, Rasul MG (2019) Recent developments in solar thermal desalination technologies: a review. Energies 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010119
Yadav S, Sudhakar K (2015) Different domestic designs of solar stills: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 47:718–731
Zhang Y, Liu L, Li K, Hou D, Wang J (2018) Enhancement of energy utilization using nanofluid in solar powered membrane distillation. Chemosphere 212:554–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.114
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow and the Council of Science and Technology (CST), Uttar Pradesh (India) for the financial and technical support (Ref.: CST/D-1156, 26.08.2022).
Funding
This project was funded by the Council of Science and Technology (CST), UP, India (Ref: CST/D-1156, Dated -26/08/2023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
V.M.: data curation, writing original draft. D.S.: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology. R.S.S.: supervision. D.S.: investigation. E.R.R.: review and editing. B.S.G.: visualization. S.S.: resources. A.M.: formal analysis. H.S.: formal analysis.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Human and animal rights and informed consent
This paper contains no studies with human or animal subjects.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mishra, V., Singh, D., Singh, R.S. et al. Potable water production through a low-cost single chamber solar still in north India. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33364-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33364-0