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Systematic evaluation of methods for iron-impregnation of biochar and effects on arsenic in flooded soils

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Abstract

There is a need for innovative strategies to decrease the mobility of metal(loids) including arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils, including rice paddies, so as to minimize dietary exposure to these toxic elements. Iron (Fe)-modified biochars (FBCs) are used to immobilize As and Cd in soil-water systems, but there is a lack of clarity on optimal methods for preparing FBCs because there are only limited studies that directly compare BCs impregnated with Fe under different conditions. There is also a lack of information on the long-term performance of FBCs in flooded soil environments, where reductive dissolution of Fe (oxy)hydroxide phases loaded onto biochar surfaces may decrease the effectiveness of FBCs. This study uses material characterization methods including FTIR, SEM-EDX, BET, and adsorption isotherm experiments to investigate the effects of Fe-impregnation methods (pH, pyrolysis sequence, and sonication) on the morphology and mineralogy of Fe loaded onto the biochar surface, and to FBC adsorbent properties for arsenate (As(V)), arsenite (As(III)), and Cd. Acidic impregnation conditions favored the adsorption of As(III) onto amorphous Fe phases that were evenly distributed on the biochar surface, including within the biochar pore structure. The combination of sonication with acidic Fe-impregnation conditions led to the best adsorption capacities for As(V) and As(III) (4830 and 11,166 μg As g-1 biochar, respectively). Alkaline Fe-impregnation conditions led to the highest Cd adsorption capacity of 3054 μg Cd g-1 biochar, but had poor effectiveness as an As adsorbent. Amending soil with 5% (w/w) of an acid-impregnated and sonicated FBC was more effective than an alkaline-impregnated FBC or ferrihydrite in decreasing porewater As concentrations. The acid-impregnated FBC also had greater longevity, decreasing As by 54% and 56% in two flooded phases, probably due to the greater stability of Fe(III) within the biochar pore structure that may have a direct chemical bond to the biochar surface. This study demonstrates that FBCs can be designed with selectivity towards different As species or Cd and that they can maintain their effectiveness under anaerobic soil conditions. This is the first study to systematically test how impregnation conditions affect the stability of FBCs in soils under multiple drying-rewetting cycles.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank J. Rohila and A. McClung for providing the rice paddy soil from Stuttgart, Arkansas, and M. McBride for assisting with collection of the orchard soil in Ithaca, NY, USA.

Funding

This research was supported by the Cornell Center for Materials (CCMR) Research-Jump Start Program, in cooperation with B9 Plastics. This work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities which are supported through the NSF MRSEC program (DMR-1719875) and was partially supported through the CCMR Research Experience for Undergraduates program (DMR-1757420 and DMR-1719875).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Yi Sang, Jessica Olsen, Jessica Rappaport & Matthew C. Reid

  2. Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Behrooz Azimzadeh & Carmen Enid Martínez

  3. Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, SUNY-Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, 13820, USA

    Scott C. Maguffin

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  1. Yi Sang
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Contributions

Yi Sang: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—original draft preparation; Behrooz Azimzadeh: formal analysis, visualization, investigation, and writing—original draft preparation; Jessica Olsen: investigation; Jessica Rappaport: investigation; Scott C. Maguffin: investigation; Carmen Enid Martinez: conceptualization and formal analysis; Matthew C. Reid: conceptualization, formal analysis, resources, supervision, project administration, and writing—review and editing.

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Sang, Y., Azimzadeh, B., Olsen, J. et al. Systematic evaluation of methods for iron-impregnation of biochar and effects on arsenic in flooded soils. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33359-x

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