Abstract
With ever-improving social and medical awareness about menstrual hygiene in India, the demand for sanitary napkins has increased significantly. The utilization of high-quality and environment-friendly raw materials to produce these pads is further supporting the growth of the market. However, with improving demand and usage, the need for proper disposal techniques becomes more relevant, since all of these pads get contaminated with human blood which makes them a biohazard and can cause significant damage to human health and the environment. One sanitary pad takes around 800 years to degrade naturally and the plastic and super absorbent polymers (SAPs) in sanitary pads are non-biodegradable and can take multiple decades to degrade. Waste management technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, and resource recovery can be adopted to manage tons of sanitary waste. Currently, sanitary waste treatment mainly focuses on landfilling, incineration, and composting, where biohazard wastes are mixed with tons of solid waste. Disposable sanitary pads have a high carbon footprint of about 5.3 kg CO2 equivalent every year. Innovative solutions for sanitary pad disposal are discussed in the manuscript which includes repurposing of derived waste cellulose and plastic fraction into value-added products. Future aspects of disinfection strategies and value addition to waste cellulose recovered from napkins were systematically discussed to promote a circular economy.
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Abbreviations
- SAP :
-
Super absorbent polymer
- AHP :
-
Absorbent hygiene products
- NIIR :
-
National Institute of Industrial Research
- ISWM :
-
Integrated solid waste management
- HCWH :
-
Health care without harm
- USEPA :
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- CPCB :
-
Central Pollution Control Board
- PCCFs :
-
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans
- PCCDs :
-
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
- WWTP :
-
Wastewater treatment plant
- NaCMC :
-
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
- MDWS :
-
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
- HEC :
-
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
- DVS :
-
Divinyl sulfone
- HPV :
-
Human papillomavirus
- HSV :
-
Herpes simplex virus
- HIV :
-
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HBV :
-
Hepatitis-B virus
- RDF :
-
Refuse derived fuels
- SPA :
-
Sodium polyacrylate
- CNC :
-
Cellulose nanocrystals
- SWM :
-
Solid waste management
- GWP :
-
Global warming potential
- MHM :
-
Menstrual hygiene management
- EPR :
-
Extender producers responsibility
- OECD :
-
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
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Hameed, M.S.A., Sreedharan, S.P., Sivapragasam, P. et al. Resource recovery from soiled sanitary napkin waste—a state-of-the-art review. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33218-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33218-9