Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phosphorus release from newly inundated soils and variation in benthic algal nutrient limitation induced by rising water levels of Qinghai Lake, China

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The mobilization of internal phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in transitioning nutrient limitations within lake ecosystems. While previous research has extensively examined P release in littoral zones influenced by fluctuating water levels, there is a paucity of studies addressing the implications of sustained water level rise in this context, particularly as it pertains to nutrient limitations in benthic algae. To address this gap, we conducted an integrated study in Qinghai Lake. In the field sampling and microcosm experiment, we found that P concentrations are elevated in areas subjected to short-term inundation compared to those enduring prolonged inundation, primarily due to the dissolution of sedimentary P fractions. The results of nutrient diffusing substrata (NDS) bioassays indicated that benthic algae in Qinghai Lake displayed either P limitation or NP co-limitation. The transition from P limitation to NP co-limitation suggested that internal P release may serve to ameliorate nutrient limitations in benthic algae. This phenomenon could potentially contribute to the proliferation of Cladophora in the littoral zones of Qinghai Lake, thereby posing long-term implications for the lake’s aquatic ecosystem, particularly under conditions of sustained water level rise.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The authors will supply the relevant data in response to reasonable requests.

References

  • Amarawansha EAGS, Kumaragamage D, Flaten D, Zvomuya F, Tenuta M (2015) Phosphorus mobilization from manure-amended and unamended alkaline soils to overlying water during simulated flooding. J Environ Qual 44:1252–1262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austin BJ, Eagle V, Evans-White MA, Scott JT, Haggard BE (2020) Sediment phosphorus release sustains nuisance periphyton growth when nitrogen is not limiting. J Limnol 79(3):210–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brahney J, Mahowald N, Ward D, Ballantyne A, Neff J (2015a) Is atmospheric phosphorus pollution altering global alpine lake stoichiometry? Global Biogeochem Cycles 29:1369–2383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brahney J, Mahowald N, Ward DS, Ballantyne AP, Neff JC (2015b) Is atmospheric phosphorus pollution altering global alpine lake stoichiometry? Global Biogeochem Cycles 29:1369–1383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo HR, Bootsma H, Khazaei B (2019) Fate of phosphorus from a point source in the Lake Michigan nearshore zone. J Great Lakes Res 45:1182–1196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capps KA, Booth MT, Collins SM, Davison MA, Moslemi JM, El-Sabaawi RW et al (2011) Nutrient diffusing substrata: a field comparison of commonly used methods to assess nutrient limitation. J N Am Benthol Soc 30:522–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cui B-L, Li X-Y, Wei X-H (2016) Isotope and hydrochemistry reveal evolutionary processes of lake water in Qinghai Lake. J Great Lakes Res 42:580–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ding S, Chen M, Gong M, Fan X, Qin B, Xu H et al (2018) Internal phosphorus loading from sediments causes seasonal nitrogen limitation for harmful algal blooms. Sci Total Environ 625:872–884

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan H, Yao X, Zhang D, Jin H, Wei Q (2022) Long-term temporal and spatial monitoring of Cladophora blooms in Qinghai Lake based on multi-source remote sensing images. Remote Sens 14(4):853

  • Eaton A (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation, Washington

  • Elser JJ, Kyle M, Steger L, Nydick KR, Baron JS (2009) Nutrient availability and phytoplankton nutrient limitation across a gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Ecology 90:3062–3073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan C, Song C, Li W, Liu K, Cheng J, Fu C et al (2021) What drives the rapid water-level recovery of the largest lake (Qinghai Lake) of China over the past half century? J Hydrol 593:125921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang J, Li G, Rubinato M, Ma G, Zhou J, Jia G et al (2019) Analysis of long-term water level variations in Qinghai Lake in China. Water 11(10):2136

  • Gorham E (1964) Morphometric control of annual heat budgets in temperate lakes1. Limnol Oceanogr 9:525–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo L, Dai L, Yang K, Li D, Li G (2018) Physiological changes of submerged macrophytes in response to a floating filamentous green algae bloom in clear-water conditions. J Oceanol Limnol 36:1604–1614

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo L, Dai L, Zheng J, Zhou W, Peng C, Li D et al (2022) Environmental factors associated with the filamentous green algae Cladophora blooms: a mesocosm experiment in a shallow eutrophic lake. J Environ Manage 313:114977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins SN, Pennuto CM, Howell ET, Lewis TW, Makarewicz JC (2012) Urban influences on Cladophora blooms in Lake Ontario. J Great Lakes Res 38:116–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou P, Weidman RP, Liu Q, Li H, Duan L, Zhang X, et al (2023) Recent water-level fluctuations, future trends and their eco-environmental impacts on Lake Qinghai. J Environ Manag 333:117461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117461

  • Hu M, Sardans J, Le Y, Yan R, Zhong Y, Huang J et al (2022) Biogeochemical behavior of P in the soil and porewater of a low-salinity estuarine wetland: availability, diffusion kinetics, and mobilization mechanism. Water Res 219:118617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang W, Cao X, Huang D, Liu W, Liu X, Zhang J (2019) Phosphorus characteristics and microbial community in the sediment-water-algal system during algal growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:31414–31421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeke NN, Zvomuya F (2018) Flooding depth and timing effects on phosphorus release from flooded biosolids in an end-of-life municipal lagoon. Water Air Soil Pollut 229:171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kann J, Walker JD (2020) Detecting the effect of water level fluctuations on water quality impacting endangered fish in a shallow, hypereutrophic lake using long-term monitoring data. Hydrobiologia 847:1851–1872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ke L, Song C, Wang J, Sheng Y, Ding X, Yong B et al (2022) Constraining the contribution of glacier mass balance to the Tibetan lake growth in the early 21st century. Remote Sens Environ 268:112779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kebedew MG, Kibret AA, Tilahun SA, Belete MA, Zimale FA, Steenhuis TS (2020) The relationship of lake morphometry and phosphorus dynamics of a tropical highland lake: Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Water 12(8):2243

  • Keitel J, Zak D, Hupfer M (2016) Water level fluctuations in a tropical reservoir: the impact of sediment drying, aquatic macrophyte dieback, and oxygen availability on phosphorus mobilization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:6883–6894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelderman P, De Rozari P, Mukhopadhyay S, Angweya R (2012) Sediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer, The Netherlands: field/laboratory surveys and first results for a 3-D suspended solids model. Water Sci Technol : J Int Assoc Water Pollu Res 66:1984–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirillin G, Shatwell T (2016) Generalized scaling of seasonal thermal stratification in lakes. Earth Sci Rev 161:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuraji K, Saito H (2022) Long-term changes in relationship between water level and precipitation in Lake Yamanaka. Water 14(14):2232

  • Li S, Kuang Y, Hu J, You M, Guo X, Gao Q et al (2020a) Enrichment of antibiotics in an inland lake water. Environ Res 190:110029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Lin Z, Liu M, Jiang F, Chen J, Yang X et al (2020b) Effect of ferric chloride on phosphorus immobilization and speciation in Dianchi Lake sediments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 197:110637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Pan B, Song L, Yang Z, Ji D, Cui Y et al (2020) Study on the mechanism of the influence of flood storage at the end of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the phosphorus forms in the sediments of the tributary reservoir bay. Aquat Sci 82:46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Xie C, Zhao L, Li R, Liu G, Wang W et al (2021) Rapid expansion of lakes in the endorheic basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 2000 and its potential drivers. CATENA 197:104942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lougheed VL, Hernandez C, Andresen CG, Miller NA, Alexander V, Prentki R (2015) Contrasting responses of phytoplankton and benthic algae to recent nutrient enrichment in Arctic tundra ponds. Freshw Biol 60:2169–2186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lü C, He J, Zuo L, Vogt RD, Zhu L, Zhou B et al (2016) Processes and their explanatory factors governing distribution of organic phosphorous pools in lake sediments. Chemosphere 145:125–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo W, Yue Y, Lu J, Pang L, Zhu S (2022) Sediment phosphate release flux under hydraulic disturbances in the shallow lake of Chaohu. China Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29:60843–60851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Qi X, Zhou S, Niu H, Zhang T (2023) Spatiotemporal distribution of phosphorus fractions and the potential release risks in sediments in a Yangtze River connected lake: new insights into the influence of water-level fluctuation. J Soils Sediments 23:496–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maranguit D, Guillaume T, Kuzyakov Y (2017) Effects of flooding on phosphorus and iron mobilization in highly weathered soils under different land-use types: short-term effects and mechanisms. CATENA 158:161–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy J, Riley JP (1986) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta 27:31–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neil JH, Jackson MB (1982) Monitoring Cladophora growth conditions and the effect of phosphorus additions at a shoreline site in northeastern Lake Erie. J Great Lakes Res 8:30–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni Z, Li Y, Wang S (2022) Cognizing and characterizing the organic phosphorus in lake sediments: advances and challenges. Water Res 220:118663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolai SJ, Dzialowski AR (2014) Effects of internal phosphorus loading on nutrient limitation in a eutrophic reservoir. Limnologica 49:33–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nürnberg GK, LaZerte BD (2016) More than 20years of estimated internal phosphorus loading in polymictic, eutrophic Lake Winnipeg. Manit J Great Lakes Res 42:18–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozersky T, Volkova EA, Bondarenko NA, Timoshkin OA, Malnik VV, Domysheva VM et al (2018) Nutrient limitation of benthic algae in Lake Baikal. Russ Freshw Sci 37:472–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng C, Zhang Y, Shun H, Li X, Zhicong W, Li D (2019) Sediment phosphorus release in response to flood event across different land covers in a restored wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:9113–9122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson K (1998) Mechanisms for internal loading of phosphorus in lakes. In: Amiard JC, Le Rouzic B, Berthet B, Bertru G (eds) Oceans, rivers and lakes: energy and substance transfers at interfaces. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 21–25

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Planas D, Maberly SC, Parker JE (1996) Phosphorus and nitrogen relationships of Cladophora glomerata in two lake basins of different trophic status. Freshw Biol 35:609–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu H, Geng J, Ren H, Xu Z (2016) Phosphite flux at the sediment–water interface in northern Lake Taihu. Sci Total Environ 543:67–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi W, Chen Q, Zhang J, Zheng F, Liu D, Yi Q et al (2020) Enhanced riparian denitrification in reservoirs following hydropower production. J Hydrol 583:124305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song K-Y, Zoh K-D, Kang H (2007) Release of phosphate in a wetland by changes in hydrological regime. Sci Total Environ 380:13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinman AD, Ogdahl ME, Weinert M, Thompson K, Cooper MJ, Uzarski DG (2012) Water level fluctuation and sediment–water nutrient exchange in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. J Great Lakes Res 38:766–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinman AD, Lamberti GA, Leavitt PR, Uzarski DG (2017) Biomass and pigments of benthic algae. Methods in stream ecology, vol 1. Elsevier, pp 223–241

  • Tammeorg O, Nürnberg G, Horppila J, Haldna M, Niemistö J (2020) Redox-related release of phosphorus from sediments in large and shallow Lake Peipsi: evidence from sediment studies and long-term monitoring data. J Great Lakes Res 46:1595–1603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura H, Goto K, Yotsuyanagi T, Nagayama M (1974) Spectrophotometric determination of iron(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline in the presence of large amounts of iron(III). Talanta 21:314–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valipour R, León LF, Depew D, Dove A, Rao YR (2016) High-resolution modeling for development of nearshore ecosystem objectives in eastern Lake Erie. J Great Lakes Res 42:1241–1251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walumona JR, Kaunda-Arara B, Odoli Ogombe C, Murakaru JM, Raburu P, Muvundja Amisi F et al (2022) Effects of lake-level changes on water quality and fisheries production of Lake Baringo. Kenya Ecohydrology 15:e2368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Xu X, Wu Z, Zhang X, Sun P, Wen Y et al (2019) Seasonal pattern of nutrient limitation in a eutrophic lake and quantitative analysis of the impacts from internal nutrient cycling. Environ Sci Technol 53:13675–13686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Wu Y, Zhou J, Bing H, Sun H, Luo J et al (2020) Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils. Pedosphere 30:272–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Zhang H, Xin X, Li J, Jia H, Wen L et al (2022) Water level–driven agricultural nonpoint source pollution dominated the ammonia variation in China’s second largest reservoir. Environ Res 215:114367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watras CJ, Heald E, Teng HY, Rubsam J, Asplund T (2022) Extreme water level rise across the upper Laurentian Great Lakes region: citizen science documentation 2010–2020. J Great Lakes Res 48:1135–1139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts CJ (2000) Seasonal phosphorus release from exposed, re-inundated littoral sediments of two Australian reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 431:27–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weilhoefer CL, Nakano S-i, Deb S (2022) Fukushima K. Nutrient limitation of primary production in rivers along a land use gradient in the Lake Biwa Basin, Shiga Prefecture Japan. Aquat Ecology 56:1177–1203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, Liu Y, Liang Z, Wu S, Guo H (2017) Internal cycling, not external loading, decides the nutrient limitation in eutrophic lake: a dynamic model with temporal Bayesian hierarchical inference. Water Res 116:231–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Ma T, Du Y, Jiang Q, Shen S, Liu W (2021) Phosphorus cycling in freshwater lake sediments: influence of seasonal water level fluctuations. Sci Total Environ 792:148383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu D, Wang L, Li H, Li Y, Howard A, Guan Y et al (2015) The forms and bioavailability of phosphorus in integrated vertical flow constructed wetland with earthworms and different substrates. Chemosphere 134:492–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu H, McCarthy MJ, Paerl HW, Brookes JD, Zhu G, Hall NS et al (2021) Contributions of external nutrient loading and internal cycling to cyanobacterial bloom dynamics in Lake Taihu, China: implications for nutrient management. Limnol Oceanogr 66:1492–1509

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu N, Ma Y, Wei ZW, Huang CH, Li GY, Zheng HY et al (2022) Satellite observed recent rising water levels of global lakes and reservoirs. Environ Res Lett 17(7):074013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac78f8

  • Yang B, Gao X, Zhao J, Liu Y, Gao T, Lui H-K et al (2021) The influence of summer hypoxia on sedimentary phosphorus biogeochemistry in a coastal scallop farming area, North Yellow Sea. Sci Total Environ 759:143486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang G, Zhang M, Xie Z, Li J, Ma M, Lai P et al (2022) Quantifying the contributions of climate change and human activities to water volume in Lake Qinghai. China Remote Sens 14:99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye C, Chen C, Butler OM, Rashti MR, Esfandbod M, Du M et al (2019) Spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients in riparian soils after nine years of operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. China Sci Total Environ 664:841–850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan H, Wang H, Zhou Y, Jia B, Yu J, Cai Y et al (2021) Water-level fluctuations regulate the availability and diffusion kinetics process of phosphorus at lake water–sediment interface. Water Res 200:117258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng K, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang Q (2020) Influence of water level fluctuation on water quality of Huayang River and Lake Group. J Yangtze River Sci Res Inst 37(49–53):68

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Chang J, Xu C-Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Chen X et al (2018) The response of lake area and vegetation cover variations to climate change over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the past 30 years. Sci Total Environ 635:443–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Liu B, Ge F, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhou Q et al (2019) Interspecific competition for nutrients between submerged macrophytes (Vallisneria natans, Ceratophyllum demersum) and filamentous green algae (Cladophora oligoclona) in a co-culture system. Pol J Environ Stud 28:1483–1494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang G, Yao T, Xie H, Yang K, Zhu L, Shum CK et al (2020) Response of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change: trends, patterns, and mechanisms. Earth Sci Rev 208:103269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Wang F, Shan S, Ren P, Luo C, Fu W et al (2022) Sources and cycling of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: radiocarbon results from Qinghai Lake. Sci Total Environ 851:158123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng ZQ, Wang XY, Jin J, Hao JH, Nie YG, Chen X et al (2022) Fraction distribution and dynamic cycling of phosphorus in lacustrine sediment at Inexpressible Island, Antarctica. Environ Int 164:107228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107228

  • Zhou J, Wu Y, Wang X, Bing H, Chen Y, Sun H et al (2019) Divergent patterns of soil phosphorus discharge from water-level fluctuation zone after full impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir. China Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:2559–2568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Xiong X, Ao H, Wu C, He Y, Hu Z et al (2020) Cladophora reblooming after half a century: effect of climate change-induced increases in the water level of the largest lake in Tibetan Plateau. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:42175–42181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Wenying Bao and Huayu Mo for assistance in the field sampling and laboratory work.

Funding

This work was financially supported by Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Program (2023-ZJ-905 T), Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20454), Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP, 2019QZKK0304), and Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Program (2022QY204).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China

    Xiaohui Li, Hongyi Ao, Xiong Xiong, Xin Li, Huan Zhu & Chenxi Wu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China

    Xiaohui Li

  3. Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve Administration, Xining, 810008, China

    Bangming Zhao & Zhipeng Yu

Authors
  1. Xiaohui Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hongyi Ao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xiong Xiong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bangming Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhipeng Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Huan Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chenxi Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The contributions of authors are as follows: Xiaohui Li: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. Hongyi Ao: investigation, funding acquisition. Xiong Xiong: writing—review and editing, conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, methodology. Bangming Zhao: investigation, funding acquisition. Zhipeng Yu: investigation, resources. Xin Li: data curation, methodology. Huan Zhu: methodology, investigation. Chenxi Wu: investigation, funding acquisition, visualization, supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiong Xiong.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

This research does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Consent to participate

This research did not require consent to participate.

Consent for publication

The authors agree to the publication in Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Thomas Hein

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 863 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Ao, H., Xiong, X. et al. Phosphorus release from newly inundated soils and variation in benthic algal nutrient limitation induced by rising water levels of Qinghai Lake, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 29218–29231 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33116-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33116-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation