Abstract
Lead is a very toxic metal which affects human health. An alternative to remove it from contaminated water is the use of macrophytes, as Scirpus americanus Pers. This species is tolerant to salt and metals and has high biomass. The present research analyzed the capacity of hydroponic cultures of normal and transgenic plants (line T12) from S. americanus to remove high concentrations of lead. The antioxidant response of plants to metal exposure was also measured. The MINTEQ3.1 program was used to define the media composition in order to have the metal available to the plants. According to MINTEQ3.1 predictions, sulfate, phosphate, and molybdenum must be removed from the medium to avoid lead precipitation. Therefore, the plants were maintained in a modified Hoagland solution containing 100, 250, and 400 mg/L lead. The presence of metal did not affect the growth of roots and stems at all concentration tested. The normal and T12 plants accumulated 69,389 mg/kg and 45,297 mg/kg lead, respectively, and could be considered hyperaccumulators. Plant tolerance to lead mainly involved an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione accumulation. The bioconcentration factor indicated that S. americanus plants bioconcentrated between 192 and 300 times the metal; thus, S. americanus could be used for phytoremediation of water contaminated with a high concentration of lead.
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Data Availability
Data are available at UASLP repository (URI: https://repositorioinstitucional.uaslp.mx/xmlui/handle/i/7110).
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank “Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología” (CONACYT) for the scholarship to EER (2018-000012-01NACF-0150), and to Estela Nuñez for her technical assistance.
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This work was supported by “Fondo de Apoyo a la Investigación” FAI-UASLP (grant C18-FAI-05–68.6).
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Esquivel-Ramos E realized the experimental work and participated on elaboration of figures and revision of manuscript. Alfaro-de la Torre MA participated in media formulation using the MINTEQ3.1 program and revision and discussion of results. Santos-Díaz MS is the leader of the group, designed the project and experimental work, participated in revision and discussion, and wrote the paper.
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Esquivel-Ramos, E., Alfaro-de la Torre, M.C. & Santos-Díaz, M.d.S. Removal of high lead concentration by hydroponic cultures of normal and transformed plants of Scirpus americanus Pers.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 28279–28289 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33051-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33051-0