Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to evaluate product’s life cycle environmental impact and identify the environmental weaknesses. However, it is difficult for existing LCA software to perform flexible LCA analysis based on the product life cycle characteristics and industry background. Meanwhile, under the existing LCA research model, product designers and manufacturers are usually not LCA evaluators, resulting in a certain time gap between the evaluation results and product improvement. Designers with less experience in green design often find it difficult to identify high environmental impact links in products at different life cycle stages and product levels, and updated products are challenging to meet various environmental restrictions. This paper establishes a multi-module product life cycle analysis model that combines product industry background that includes basic information, assessment information, structural information, and restriction information to achieve the multi-scenario of product LCA in different dimensions in a typical domain. The calculated mechanism of the dynamic power emission factor is built according to the service time and space dimensions. The proposed method forms an integrated environmental performance evaluation of household appliance (EPEHA) system. A software assessment and an optimization method are proposed to improve the EPEHA system. The results of this study show that these proposed methods can improve the timeliness and diversity of results analysis of product LCA in the field of household appliances in China. The universal data exchange format and simple operation interface of the EPEHA system enable people related to the product to quickly understand the environmental impact of the product in different scenarios, even if they lack green design knowledge and professional software training.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the supplementary material and the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- LCA :
-
Life cycle assessment
- EPEHA :
-
Environmental performance evaluation of household appliances
- LCC :
-
Life cycle costing
- PEMS :
-
PIRA Environmental Management System
- LCI :
-
Life cycle inventory
- BEES :
-
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability
- NIST :
-
National Institute of Standards and Technology
- AHP :
-
Analytic hierarchy process
- B product :
-
Basic information of product
- B assessment :
-
Basic information of assessment
- B name :
-
Product name
- B serialnumber :
-
Serial number
- B quality :
-
Quality
- B manufacturingtime :
-
Manufacturing time
- B manufacturer :
-
Manufacturer
- B brief :
-
Brief introduction of manufacturer
- B purpose :
-
Assessment purpose
- B enterprise :
-
Assessment enterprise
- B time :
-
Assessment time
- B functionalunit :
-
Functional unit
- B cutoffcriteria :
-
Cut-off criteria
- B stageoflifecycle :
-
Life cycle stages that participate in the assessment
- F uselast :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit energy used in the last year of use stage
- l use :
-
Number of days the product is used in the first year of use stage
- l uselast :
-
Number of days the product is used in the last year of use stage
- EC rei :
-
Energy consumption of reclaimed process i
- F rei :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit energy used in reclaimed process i
- A rei :
-
Accessories consumption of reclaimed process i
- F reai :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit accessories used in reclaimed process i
- R j :
-
Mass/size of reclaimed material j
- F rj :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit reclaimed material j
- EF p :
-
Average emission factor of power grid in p province
- Em p :
-
Direct CO2 emissions from power generation in p province
- EF n :
-
Average CO2 emission factor of power grid in n province
- E imp,n,p :
-
Electricity sent from province n to province p
- EF k :
-
Average CO2 emission factor of power grid in country k
- E imp,k,p :
-
Electricity sent from country k to province p
- EF Grid,i :
-
Average CO2 emission factor of regional power grid i
- E imp,i,p :
-
Electricity sent from regional power grid i to province p
- E p :
-
Total annual power generation in p province
- Em n :
-
Direct CO2 emissions from power generation in n province
- E n :
-
Total annual power generation in n province
- \({\omega }_{qc}\) :
-
Weight of selected quality characteristics
- \({\omega }_{rs}\) :
-
Weight of selected related sub-characteristics in the selected quality characteristics
- E lc :
-
Life cycle environmental impact
- E raw :
-
Raw material acquisition environmental impact
- E pro :
-
Production environmental impact
- E tr :
-
Transport environmental impact
- E use :
-
Use environmental impact
- E re :
-
Recycling/reuse environmental impact
- E partx :
-
Environmental impact of part x
- G i :
-
Mass/size of substance i in the part
- F rawi :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit mass/size of substance i
- R partx :
-
Correction factor which compensates for the loss of substance and energy in the process of machining part x
- EC i :
-
Energy consumption of manufacturing process i
- F mani :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit energy used in manufacturing process i
- A i :
-
Accessories consumption of manufacturing process i
- F anci :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit mass/size of accessories used in manufacturing process i
- S i :
-
Distance of transport i
- T i :
-
Fuel consumption/energy consumption per unit distance of transport i
- F tri :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit fuel/energy used in transport i
- N i :
-
Quantity of product in transport i
- TG i :
-
Empty load fuel consumption /energy consumption per unit distance of transport i
- X i :
-
Consumption coefficient that used to calculate the consumption of carrying different weights of products
- EC ser :
-
Energy consumption of use stage
- F dyn :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit energy used in use stage
- P :
-
Product power
- H :
-
Daily working time
- l :
-
Service life
- F use :
-
Environmental impact factor of unit energy used in the first year of use stage
- \({\omega }_{e}\) :
-
Weight of evaluation indicators in selected related the sub-characteristics
- A :
-
Judgment matrix
- a ij :
-
Important comparison of indicator i and indicator j
- S :
-
Sum the rows of the normalized matrix
- \(\omega\) :
-
Indicator weight
- CI :
-
General consistency indicator
- RI :
-
Average random consistency indicator
- CR :
-
Consistency test coefficient
- \({\lambda }_{{\text{max}}}\) :
-
Maximum eigenvalue
- B :
-
Correlation matrix
- b ij :
-
Correlation coefficient
- GR :
-
Initial network
- V :
-
Node
- E :
-
Edge
- C :
-
Weight of edge
- TR :
-
Maximum spanning tree
- k i :
-
The comprehensive weight of each node
- \({\omega }_{i}\) :
-
Weight of the node i
- \({\omega }_{j}\) :
-
Weight of the node j
- \({r}_{i}\) :
-
Comparison value between the indicator represented by node i
- \({r}_{j}\) :
-
Comparison value between the indicator represented by node j
References
Ahmad S, Wong KY, Ahmad R (2019) Life cycle assessment for food production and manufacturing: recent trends, global applications and future prospects. Procedia Manuf 34:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.113
Ahmad S, Wong KY, Rashid AFA, Khan M (2023) Environmental impacts and improvement implications for industrial meatballs manufacturing: scenario in a developing country. Int J Life Cycle Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-023-02146-0
Allacker K, Castellani V, Baldinelli G, Bianchi F, Baldassarri C, Sala S (2018) Energy simulation and LCA for macro-scale analysis of eco-innovations in the housing stock. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24:989–1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1548-3
Al-Nassar F, Ruparathna R, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Haider H, Hewage K, Sadiq R (2016) Sustainability assessment framework for low rise commercial buildings: life cycle impact index-based approach. Clean Technol Environ Policy 18:2579–2590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1168-1
Anderson R, Keshwani D, Guru A, Yang H, Irmak S, Subbiah J (2018) An integrated modeling framework for crop and biofuel systems using the DSSAT and GREET models. Environ Model Softw 108:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.07.004
CCCIN (2013) 2010 average CO2 emission factors for regional and provincial power grids in China. https://www.ccchina.org.cn/archiver/ccchinacn/UpFile/Files/Default/20131011145155611667.pdf. Accessed 3 May 2021
CCG (2023) China products carbon footprint factors database. http://lca.cityghg.com/. Accessed 28 Dec 2023
CEC (2011– 2020) Compilation of statistical information on the electric power industry. China Electricity Council Statistics and Data Center, Beijing
CEC (2021) China electric power statistical yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing
CEESTA (2019) Electrical and electronic products carbon footprint assessment part 2: televisions. http://www.ttbz.org.cn/Pdfs/Index/?ftype=st&pms=43693. Accessed 28 Dec 2023
Celli I, Brunori E, Eugeni M, Cristinariu CA, Zampilli M, Massoli S, Bartocci P, Caldarelli V, Saetta S, Bidini G, Fantozzi F (2022) Development of a tool to optimize economic and environmental feasibility of food waste chains. Biomass Convers Biorefin 12:4307–4320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02107-3
CEPPC (2012–2020) China electric power yearbook. China Electric Power Press, Beijing
CNIS (2022) National organization standard information platform. http://www.ttbz.org.cn/Home/Standard. Accessed 6 Nov 2022
Collet P, Flottes E, Favre A, Raynal L, Pierre H, Capela S, Peregrina C (2017) Techno-economic and life cycle assessment of methane production via biogas upgrading and power to gas technology. Appl Energy 192:282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.181
Gatti JB, Queiroz GDC, Garcia EEC (2007) Recycling of aluminum can in terms of life cycle inventory (LCI). Int J Life Cycle Assess 13:219–225. https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2006.12.370
Herrmann IT, Moltesen A (2015) Does it matter which life cycle assessment (LCA) tool you choose? – a comparative assessment of SimaPro and GaBi. J Clean Prod 86:163–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.004
Hong J, Yu Z, Fu X, Hong JL (2019) Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of coal seam gas-based electricity generation. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24:1828–1839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01599-6
Huang HZ, Li YF, Liu WH, Liu Y, Wang ZL (2011) Evaluation and decision of products conceptual design schemes based on customer requirements. J Mech Sci Technol 25:2413–2425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-011-0525-6
IPCC (2019) 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories . https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/index.html. Accessed 6 Nov 2022
ISO 14040 (2006) International Standard. In: Environmental management — life cycle assessment — principles and framework. Geneva
ISO/IEC 25010 (2011) International standard. In: Systems and software engineering — Systems and software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) — system and software quality models. Geneva
Kuripta OV, Vorob’eva YA, Drapalyuk NA, Burak EE, Glushkov AY (2023) Environmental assessment of a real estate object by software engineering methods. AIP Conf. Proc 2999:020032. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0158693
Maalouf A, El-Fadel M (2020) A novel software for optimizing emissions and carbon credit from solid waste and wastewater management. Sci Total Environ 714:136736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136736
Martinez-Sanchez V, Tonini D, Moller F, Astrup TF (2016) Life-cycle costing of food waste management in Denmark: importance of indirect effects. Environ Sci Technol 50:4513–4523. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03536
MEEPRC (2020) 2019 mitigation project baseline emission factors for regional power grids in China. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/ydqhbh/wsqtkz/202012/t20201229_815386.shtml. Accessed 6 Nov 2022
NBS (2012–2021) China energy statistical yearbook. China Statistical Press, Beijing
NDRC (2011) Guidelines for the preparation of provincial greenhouse gas inventories. https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/jianyitianfuwen/qgzxwytafwgk/202107/t20210708_1288699.html?code=&state=123. Accessed 28 Dec 2023
NGOA (2017) Public institutions energy resources consumption statistics system. http://jgswj.zj.gov.cn/art/2017/12/25/art_1543852_21959820.html. Accessed 6 Nov 2022
Nunez P, Jones S (2015) Cradle to gate: life cycle impact of primary aluminium production. Int J Life Cycle Assess 21:1594–1604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-1003-7
Ormazabal M, Jaca C, Puga-Leal R (2014) Analysis and comparison of life cycle assessment and carbon footprint software. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. pp 1521–1530. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55122-2_131
Raugei M, Winfield P (2019) Prospective LCA of the production and EoL recycling of a novel type of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles. J Clean Prod 213:926–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.237
Saleem M, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Andrade MTB, Dyck R, Ruparathna R, Hewage K, Sadiq R (2018) Life cycle thinking–based selection of building facades. J Archit Eng 24. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ae.1943-5568.0000333
SAMR (2022) Nation public service platform for standard information. https://std.samr.gov.cn/. Accessed 6 Nov 2022
Silva DAL, Nunes AO, Piekarski CM, Moris VADS, Souza LSMD, Rodrigues TO (2019) Why using different life cycle assessment software tools can generate different results for the same product system? A cause–effect analysis of the problem. Sustain Prod Consum 20:304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.07.005
Speck R, Selke S, Auras R, Fitzsimmons J (2015b) Life cycle assessment software selection can impact results. J Ind Ecol 20:11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12245
Speck R, Selke S, Auras R, Fitzsimmons J (2015a) Choice of life cycle assessment software can impact packaging system decisions. Packag Technol Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2123
Sphera (2021) GaBi LCA databases. https://gabi.sphera.com/international/databases/gabi-databases/. Accessed May 2022
Valladares Linares R, Li Z, Yangali-Quintanilla V, Ghaffour N, Amy G, Leiknes T, Vrouwenvelder JS (2016) Life cycle cost of a hybrid forward osmosis - low pressure reverse osmosis system for seawater desalination and wastewater recovery. Water Res 88:225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.017
Weidema BP, Bauer C, Hischier R, Mutel C, Nemecek T, Reinhard J, Vadenbo CO, Wernet G (2013) Overview and methodology. Data quality guideline for the ecoinvent database version 3. Ecoinvent Report 1(v3). St. Gallen, Switzerland
Yang XN, Hu MM, Wu JB, Zhao B (2018) Building-information-modeling enabled life cycle assessment, a case study on carbon footprint accounting for a residential building in China. J Clean Prod 183:729–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.070
Zarubin M, Statsenko L, Spiridonov P, Zarubina V, Melkoumian N, Salykova O (2021) A GIS software module for environmental impact assessment of the open pit mining projects for small mining operators in Kazakhstan. Sustainability 13:6971. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126971
Zeraoui A, Benzerzour M, Maherzi W, Mansi R, Abriak NE (2020) New software for the optimization of the formulation and the treatment of dredged sediments for utilization in civil engineering. J Soils Sediments 20:2709–2716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02605-3
Acknowledgements
We highly appreciate the assistance of all colleagues in the Institute of Green Design and Manufacturing Engineering at Hefei University of Technology.
Funding
This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51875156).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors wrote the main manuscript text. Lei Zhang proposed the overall construction of this paper. Yu Zheng built the multi-module product life cycle analysis model. Shiwen Pan established software assessment and optimization method. Rui Jin and Junkai Huang developed EPEHA system. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Loubet
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, L., Zheng, Y., Jin, R. et al. Considering product life cycle characteristics and industry background in environmental impact analysis and application: a case study of a television. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 29334–29356 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32999-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32999-3