Abstract
A PM2.5 crisis in Thailand has caused the Thai government and public to be increasingly concerned about children’s exposure to PM2.5 during time in school. This study is a part of a project to create a modeled effective school indoor air quality management for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). We measured air quality and environment in 10 Bangkok school rooms, including CO2, CO, O3, PM2.5, PM10, TVOCPID, formaldehyde, airborne bacteria and fungi, and gaseous organic contaminants. The indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios indicated that either outdoor sources or indoor + outdoor sources were the predominant contributors to PM in naturally ventilated classrooms. Meanwhile, PM levels in air-conditioned classrooms strongly depended on class activities. CO2 measurements showed that the air-conditioned classrooms had a low 0.4 per hour air change rate and total fungal counts also reached 800 CFU m−3. Analysis of gaseous organic compounds showed that the two most abundant were aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, accounting for 60% by mass concentration. Interestingly, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, a mucous membrane irritant, was detected in all study rooms. In one naturally ventilated classroom, we implemented a positive pressure fresh air system to mitigate in-class PM levels; it kept PM levels below 20 μg m−3 throughout the class day. Students reported a 20–37% increase in satisfaction with the perceived indoor environmental quality and reported reduced rates in all symptoms of the sick building syndrome after implementing the positive pressure system.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the staff and students of Wat Suttharam High School, Bangkok, and BMA staff who actively participated in this project. We also thank Mr. Pongsathorn Chomdee for air quality monitoring sensors.
Funding
This research project was supported by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) under contract TSRI/169651/2565.
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Maneerat Ongwandee: conception of the study, analysis of data, and writing the manuscript; Kiraphat Khianthongkul: acquisition and analysis of data; Sirima Panyametheekul: acquisition and analysis of data; Kamomchai Yongprapat: field study and writing the manuscript; Kessara Srinaka: field study and analysis of data; John Morris: writing and reviewing the manuscript.
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The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Human Research Ethics Committee (BMAHREC) approved this research project under the title “Sustainable Indoor Air Quality Management for Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Schools” (Project code E010q/65), according to the Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, CIOMS Guidelines and ICH-GCP Guidelines.
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The BMAHREC approved the questionnaire itself and accompanying consents, suitable for children under 18. The questionnaire did not include personal identifying information.
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Ongwandee, M., Khianthongkul, K., Panyametheekul, S. et al. Bangkok school indoor air quality: monitoring and intervention by positive pressure fresh air system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 25454–25467 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32843-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32843-8