Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Intrusion of Arabian Sea high salinity water and monsoon-associated processes modulate planktic foraminiferal abundance and carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The unicellular calcareous planktic foraminifera sequester a significant portion of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean, thus burying the carbon in sediments for millions of years. The global warming and associated processes are likely to affect the planktic foraminiferal abundance and diversity. Therefore, their baseline distribution has to be documented and correlated with ambient parameters to assess its fate under different climate change scenarios. Here, we report an exceptionally high abundance of planktic foraminifera and thus large carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. The very high absolute abundance of planktic foraminifera in the Cauvery River basin is attributed to biannual productivity, warmer and saline waters. Globigerinita glutinata is the highest abundant species followed by Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerina bulloides. Globigerina bulloides is abundant on the shelf, where the upwelling is more frequent. The relative abundance of Globorotalia menardii is positively correlated with thermocline salinity and negatively correlated with thermocline temperature. Similarly, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globoquadrina conglomerata are negatively correlated with mixed layer as well as thermocline temperature and mixed layer salinity. Both these species are positively correlated with thermocline salinity. Globigerina falconensis is more abundant in the southernmost transect influenced by intense winter monsoon precipitation. We report that G. ruber prefers high saline and warmer waters with the highest abundance in the southernmost transect. From the foraminiferal distribution, it is evident that the temperature and salinity of the mixed layer as well as thermocline, food availability, and monsoon-associated processes affect the planktic foraminiferal abundance and thus carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. The changes in influx of southeastern Arabian Sea water will affect the planktic foraminiferal population and subsequent carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anbuselvan N, Senthil Nathan D (2021) Distribution and environmental implications of planktonic foraminifera in the surface sediments of southwestern part of Bay of Bengal, India. J Sediment Environ 6:213–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Bé AWH (1967) Foraminifera: Globigerinidae, Globorotaliidae. ICES Identification Leaflets for Plankton 108:9. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.4949

  • Bé AWH (1977) An ecological, zoogeographic and taxonomic review of Recent planktonic foraminifera. Oceanic Micropaleontology 1:1–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Bé AW, Hutson WH (1977) Ecology of planktonic foraminifera and biogeographic patterns of life and fossil assemblages in the Indian Ocean. Micropaleontology 23:369–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Bé AWH, Tolderlund DS (1971) Distribution and ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. Cambridge University Press, Micropaleontol Oceans, London, pp 105–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Behara A, Vinayachandran PN, Shankar D (2019) Influence of rainfall over eastern Arabian Sea on its salinity. J Geophys Res: Oceans 124:5003–5020

    Google Scholar 

  • Bejugam P, Nayak GN (2017) Source and depositional processes of the surface sediments and their implications on productivity in recent past off Mahanadi to Pennar River mouths, Western Bay of Bengal. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 483:58–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger W (1968) Planktonic Foraminifera: selective solution and paleoclimatic interpretation. Deep-Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr 15:31–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger WH, Parker FL (1970) Diversity of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Science 168:1345–1347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhadra SR, Saraswat R (2021) Assessing the effect of riverine discharge on planktic foraminifera: a case study from the marginal marine regions of the western Bay of Bengal. Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr 183:104927

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhadra SR, Saraswat R (2022) Exceptionally high foraminiferal dissolution in the Western Bay of Bengal. Anthropocene 40:100351

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhonsale S, Saraswat R (2012) Abundance and size variation of Globorotalia menardii in the northeastern Indian Ocean during the Late Quaternary. J Geol Soc India 80:771–782

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijma J, Hemleben C (1994) Population dynamics of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) from the central Red Sea. Deep Sea Res Part I 41:485–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijma J, Erez J, Hemleben C (1990a) Lunar and semi-lunar reproductive cycles in some spinose planktonic foraminifers. J Foramin Res 20:117–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijma J, Faber WW, Hemleben C (1990b) Temperature and salinity limits for growth and survival of some planktonic foraminifers in laboratory cultures. J Foramin Res 20:95–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Billups K, Spero HJ (1996) Reconstructing the stable isotope geochemistry and paleotemperatures of the equatorial Atlantic during the last 150,000 years: results from individual foraminifera. Paleoceanography 11:217–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert SE, Karlin RE, Toolin LJ, Donahue DJ, Southon JR, Vogel JS (1991) Low organic carbon accumulation rates in Black Sea sediments. Nature 350:692–695

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert SE, Pedersen TF (1992) Organic carbon accumulation and preservation in marine sediments: how important is anoxia? In: Whelan J, Farrington J (eds) Organic matter: productivity, accumulation, and preservation in recent and ancient sediments. Columbia University Press, pp 231–263

  • Calvert SE, Pedersen TF, Naidu PD, von Stackelberg U (1995) On the organic carbon maximum on the continental slope of the eastern Arabian Sea. J Mar Res 53:269–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartapanis O, Galbraith ED, Bianchi D, Jaccard SL (2018) Carbon burial in deep-sea sediment and implications for oceanic inventories of carbon and alkalinity over the last glacial cycle. Clim Past 14:1819–1850

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman MR (2010) Seasonal production patterns of planktonic foraminifera in the NE Atlantic Ocean: implications for paleotemperature and hydrographic reconstructions. Paleoceanography 25:1101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Delu P, Yan B, Xianqiang H, Chen-Tung Arthur C, Zengzhou H (2013) Episodic phytoplankton bloom events in the Bay of Bengal triggered by multiple forcings. Deep Sea Res Part I: Oceanogr Res Pap 73:17–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury KR, Haque M, Nasreen N, Hasan R (2003) Distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the northern Bay of Bengal. Sed Geol 155:393–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Conan SMH, Brummer GJA (2000) Fluxes of planktic Foraminifera in response to monsoonal upwelling on the Somalia Basin margin. Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr 47:2207–2227

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen JL, Duplessy JC (1979) Changes in monsoonal circulation over the last ice-age cycle: microfossil evidence from the Bay of Bengal. Geol Soc Am Abstr Programs 11:408

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullen JL, Prell WL (1984) Planktonic foraminifera of the northern Indian Ocean: distribution and preservation in surface sediments. Mar Micropaleontol 9:1–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling KF, Wade CM, Siccha M, Trommer G, Schulz H, Abdolalipour S, Kurasawa A (2017) Genetic diversity and ecology of the planktonic foraminifers globigerina bulloides, turborotalita quinqueloba and Neogloboquadrina Pachyderma off the Oman margin during the late SW monsoon. Mar Micropaleontol 137:64–77

    Google Scholar 

  • de Villiers S (2005) Foraminiferal shell-weight evidence for sedimentary calcite dissolution above the lysocline. Deep Sea Res Part I: Oceanogr Res Pap 52:671–680

    Google Scholar 

  • Duplessy JC, Bé AWH, Blanc PL (1981) Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition and biogeographic distribution of planktonic foraminifera in the Indian Ocean. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 33:9–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks RG, Sverdlove M, Free R, Wiebe PH, Be AW (1982) Vertical distribution and isotopic fractionation of living planktonic foraminifera from the Panama Basin. Nature 298:841

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes V (2008) The effect of semi-permanent eddies on the distribution of mesozooplankton in the central Bay of Bengal. J Mar Res 66:465–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes V, Ramaiah N (2013) Mesozooplankton community structure in the upper 1,000 m along the western Bay of Bengal during the 2002 fall intermonsoon. Zool Stud 52:31

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes V, Ramaiah N (2014) Distributional characteristics of surface-layer mesozooplankton in the Bay of Bengal during the 2005 winter monsoon. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 43:176–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraile I, Schulz M, Mulitza S, Kucera M (2008) Predicting the global distribution of planktonic foraminifera using a dynamic ecosystem model. Biogeosciences 5:891–911

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudenthal T, Wagner T, Wenzhöfer F, Zabel M, Wefer G (2001) Early diagenesis of organic matter from sediments of the eastern subtropical Atlantic: evidence from stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:1795–1808

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Jia J, Lu Y, Sun K, Wang J, Wang S (2022) Carbon Transportation, transformation, and sedimentation processes at the land-river-estuary continuum. Fundam Res 2667–3258

  • Gomes HR, Goes JI, Saino T (2000) Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Cont Shelf Res 20:313–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Govil P, Naidu PD, Radhika TK (2004) Major turbidity flows in the western Indus Fan between 290 and 360 ka BP. Curr Sci 87:1597–1600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guptha MV, Curry WB, Ittekkot V, Muralinath AS (1997) Seasonal variation in the flux of planktic foraminifera; sediment trap results from the Bay of Bengal, northern Indian Ocean. J Foramin Res 27:5–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) Past: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4:9

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges JI, Keil RG (1995) Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis. Mar Chem 49:81–115

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemleben C, Spindler M, Anderson (1989) Modern planktonic Foraminifera. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Ittekkot V, Nair RR, Honjo S, Ramaswamy V, Bartsch M, Manganini S, Desai BN (1991) Enhanced particle fluxes in Bay of Bengal induced by injection of fresh water. Nature 351:385–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova EM, Schiebel R, Singh AD, Schmiedl G, Niebler HS, Hemleben C (2003) Primary production in the Arabian Sea during the last 135,000 years. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 197:61–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki S, Kimoto K, Kuroyanagi A, Kawahata H (2017) Horizontal and vertical distributions of planktic foraminifera in the Subarctic Pacific. Mar Micropaleontol 130:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagadeesan L, Jyothibabu R, Anjusha A, Mohan AP, Madhu NV, Muraleedharan KR, Sudheesh K (2013) Ocean currents structuring the Mesozooplankton in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India. Prog Oceanogr 110:27–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Jana S, Gangopadhyay A, Lermusiaux PFJ, Chakraborty A, Sil S, Haley PJ (2018) Sensitivity of the Bay of Bengal Upper Ocean to different winds and river input conditions. J Mar Syst 187:206–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayalakshmi KJ, Sabu P, Devi CRA, Sanjeevan VN (2015) Response of micro and mesozooplankton in the southwestern Bay of Bengal to a cyclonic eddy during the winter monsoon, 2005. Environ Monit Assess 187:473

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandasamy S, Nath BN (2016) Perspectives on the terrestrial organic matter transport and burial along the land-deep sea continuum: caveats in our understanding of biogeochemical processes and future needs. Front Mar Sci 3:259

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz ME, Cramer BS, Franzese A, Honisch B, Miller KG, Rosenthal Y, Wright JD (2010) Traditional and emerging geochemical proxies in Foraminifera. J Foramin Res 40:165–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss P, Jonkers L, Hudáčková N, Reuter RT, Donner B, Fischer G, Kucera M (2021) Determinants of planktonic foraminifera calcite flux: implications for the prediction of Intra- and inter-annual pelagic carbonate budgets. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 35:e2020GB006748

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishna MS, Naidu SA, Subbaiah ChV, Sarma VV, Reddy NP (2013) Distribution and sources of organic matter in surface sediments of the eastern continental margin of India. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 118:1484–1494

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2000) Intraseasonal and interannual variability of rainfall over India. J Clim 13:4366–4377

    Google Scholar 

  • Kucera M (2007) Planktonic foraminifera as tracers of past oceanic environments. Dev Mar Geol 1:213–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb JL, Beard JH (1972) Late Neogene planktonic foraminifers in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and Italian stratotypes. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 57:67

  • Li B, Jian Z, Wang P (1997) Pulleniatina obliquiloculata as a paleoceanographic indicator in the southern Okinawa trough during the last 20,000 years. Mar Micropaleontol 32:59–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Han W, Ravichandran M, Wang W, Shinoda T, Lee T (2017) Bay of bengal salinity stratification and Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation: 1. intraseasonal variability and causes. J Geophys Res: Oceans 122:4291–4311

    Google Scholar 

  • Locarnini RA, Mishonov AV, Baranova OK, Boyer TP, Zweng MM, Garcia HE, Reagan JR, Seidov D, Weathers K, Paver CR, Smolyar IV (2019) World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 1: temperature. Mishonov Technical A (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 81:52

  • Lombard F, Labeyrie L, Michel E, Bopp L, Cortijo E, Retailleau S, Jorissen F (2011) Modelling planktic foraminifer growth and distribution using an ecophysiological multispecies approach. Biogeosciences 8:853–873

    Google Scholar 

  • Madhupratap M, Gauns M, Ramaiah N, Prasanna Kumar S, Muraleedharan PM, de Sousa SN, Sardessai S, Muraleedharan U (2003) Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during Summer Monsoon 2001. Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr 50:881–896

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda A, Kuroyanagi A, Iguchi A, Gaye B, Rixen T, Nishi H, Kawahata H (2022) Seasonal variation of fluxes of planktic foraminiferal tests collected by a time-series sediment trap in the central Bay of Bengal during three different years. Deep Sea Res Part I: Oceanogr Res Pap 183:103718

  • Mazumder A, Khare N, Govil P (2009) Cosmopolitanism of the planktic foraminiferal species Globigerinita glutinata–a testimony by Q-mode cluster analysis. Int J Geol 1:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Middelburg JJ (2019) Carbon processing at the seafloor. Marine Carbon Biogeochemistry: A Primer for Earth System Scientists. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 57–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Morey AE, Mix AC, Pisias NG (2005) Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages preserved in surface sediments correspond to multiple environmental variables. Quatern Sci Rev 24:925–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Munir S, Sun J (2018) Modern planktonic foraminifera from the eastern Indian Ocean. Acta Oceanol Sin 37:46–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraleedharan KR, Jasmine P, Achuthankutty CT, Revichandran C, Dinesh Kumar PK, Anand P, Rejomon G (2007) Influence of basin scale and mesoscale physical processes on biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon. Prog Oceanogr 72:364–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidu PD (1993) Distribution patterns of Recent planktonic foraminifera in surface sediments of the western continental margin of India. Mar Geol 110:403–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Naidu PD, Malmgren BA (1996a) A high-resolution record of late Quaternary upwelling along the Oman Margin, Arabian Sea based on planktonic Foraminifera. Paleoceanography 11:129–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik DK, Saraswat R, Lea DW, Kurtarkar SR, Mackensen A (2017) Last glacial-interglacial productivity and associated changes in the eastern Arabian Sea. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 483:147–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigam R (2005) Addressing environmental issues through foraminifera–case studies from the Arabian Sea. J Palaeontol Soc India 50:25–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovechkina M, Bylinskaya M, Uken A (2010) Planktonic foraminiferal assemblage in surface sediments from the Thukela Shelf, South Africa. Afr Invertebr 51:231–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker FL (1962) Planktonic foraminiferal species in Pacific sediments. Micropaleontology 8:219–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Paropkari AL, Babu CP, Mascarenhas A (1993) New evidence for enhanced preservation of organic carbon in contact with oxygen minimum zone on the western continental slope of India. Mar Geol 111:7–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen TF, Shimmield GB, Price NBP (1992) Lack of enhanced preservation of organic matter in sediments under the oxygen minimum on the Oman margin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:545–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LC, Prell WL (1985) Carbonate dissolution in Recent sediments of the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean: preservation patterns and carbonate loss above the lysocline. Mar Geol 64:259–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LC, Overpeck JT, Kipp NG, Imbrie J (1991) A high-resolution late Quaternary upwelling record from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Paleoceanography 6:99–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna Kumar S, Muraleedharan P, Prasad T, Gauns M, Ramaiah N, de Souza S, Sardesai S, Madhupratap M (2002) Why is the Bay of Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea? Geophys Res Lett 29:88–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna Kumar S, Nuncio M, Narvekar J, Kumar A, de Souza SN, Gauns M, Ramaiah N, Madhupratap M (2004) Are eddies nature’s trigger to enhance biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal? Geophys Res Lett 31:7

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasanna Kumar S, Narvekar J, Nuncio M, Kumar A, Ramaiah N, Sardesai S, Gauns M, Fernandes V, Paul J (2010) Is the biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal light limited? Curr Sci 98:1331–1339

    Google Scholar 

  • Qasim SZ (1977) Biological productivity of the Indian Ocean. Indian J Mar Sci 6:122–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishna KP, Bhattathiri MA, Devassy VP (1978) Primary productivity of Bay of Bengal during August–September 1976. Indian J Mar Sci 7:94–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaiah N, Fernandes V, Paul JT, Jyothibabu R, Mangesh G, Jayaraj KA (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in biological productivity and carbon biomass in the surface layers of the Bay of Bengal. Indian J Mar Sci 39:369–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy V, Gaye B, Shirodkar PV, Rao PS, Chivas AR, Wheeler D, Thwin S (2008) Distribution and sources of organic carbon, nitrogen and their isotopic signatures in sediments from the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) continental shelf, northern Andaman Sea. Mar Chem 111:137–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao RR, Sivakumar R (2003) Seasonal variability of sea surface salinity and salt budget of the mixed layer of the North Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res: Oceans 108:3009

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravelo AC, Andreasen DH (1999) Using planktonic foraminifera as monitors of the tropical surface ocean. In: Reconstructing ocean history: a window into the future. Springer US, Boston, pp 217–243

  • Ravelo AC, Fairbanks RG, Philander SGH (1990) Reconstructing tropical Atlantic hydrography using planktonic foraminifera and an ocean model. Paleoceanography 5:409–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds L, Thunell RC (1985) Seasonal succession of planktonic foraminifera in the subpolar North Pacific. J Foramin Res 15:282–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Rullkotter J (2006) Organic matter: the driving force for early diagenesis. In: Marine geochemistry. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 125–168

  • Rutherford S, D’Hondt S, Prell W (1999) Environmental controls on the geographic distribution of zooplankton diversity. Nature 400:749–753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saalim SM, Saraswat R, Nigam R (2021) Ecological preferences of living benthic foraminifera from the Mahanadi River-dominated north-western Bay of Bengal: a Potential Environmental Impact Assessment Tool. Mar Pollut Bull 175:113158

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabu P, Asha Devi CR, Lathika CT, Sanjeevan VN, Gupta GVM (2015) Characteristics of a cyclonic eddy and its influence on mesozooplankton community in the northern Bay of Bengal during early winter monsoon. Environ Monit Assess 187:330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R (2010) Differential dissolution of biogenic carbonates: implication of secretion at higher ph. J Palaeontol Soc India 55:0522–9630

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R (2015) Non-destructive foraminiferal paleoclimatic proxies: a brief insight. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 81:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R, Nigam R (2013) Benthic foraminifera. Encyclopedia Quat Sci 2:765–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R, Manasa M, Suokhrie T, Saalim MS, Nigam R (2017) Abundance and ecology of endemic Asterorotalia trispinosa from the western Bay of Bengal: implications for its application as a paleomonsoon proxy. Acta Geol Sin 91:2268–2282

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R, Suokhrie T, Naik DK, Singh DP, Saalim SM, Salman M, Kumar G, Bhadra SR, Mohtadi M, Kurtarkar SR, Maurya AS (2023a) Large freshwater-influx-induced salinity gradient and diagenetic changes in the northern Indian Ocean dominate the stable oxygen isotopic variation in Globigerinoides ruber. Earth Syst Sci Data 15:171–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswat R, Rajput KR,  Bandodkar SR, Bhadra SR, Kurtarkar SR, Hilda MJ, Suokhrie T, Kumar P (2023b) Persistent increase in carbon burial in the Gulf of Mannar, during the Meghalayan Age: influence of primary productivity and better preservation. Geol Mag 160:561–578

  • Sarma VVSS, Rao GD, Viswanadham R, Sherin CK, Salisbury J, Omand M, Mahedevan A, Murty VSN, Shroyer E, Baumgartner M, Stafford K (2016) Effects of freshwater stratification on nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and phytoplankton in the Bay of Bengal. Oceanography 29:222–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R (2002) Planktic foraminiferal sedimentation and the marine calcite budget. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 16:1065

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R, Hemleben C (2000) Interannual variability of planktic foraminiferal populations and test flux in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (JGOFS). Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr 47:1809–1852

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R, Hemleben C (2017) Planktic foraminifers in the modern ocean. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R, Waniek J, Bork M, Hemleben C (2001) Planktic foraminiferal production stimulated by chlorophyll redistribution and entrainment of nutrients. Deep Sea Res Part I: Oceanogr Res Pap 48:721–740

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R, Zeltner A, Treppke UF, Waniek JJ, Bollmann J, Rixen T, Hemleben C (2004) Distribution of diatoms, coccolithophores and planktic foraminifers along a trophic gradient during SW monsoon in the Arabian Sea. Mar Micropaleontol 51:345–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiebel R, Spielhagen RF, Garnier J, Hagemann J, Howa H, Jentzen A, Martínez-Garcia A, Meilland J, Michel E, Repschlager J, Salter I (2017) Modern planktic foraminifera in the high-latitude ocean. Mar Micropaleontol 136:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlitzer R (2021) Ocean Data View. http://odv.awi.de

  • Schmidt DN, Renaud S, Bollmann J, Schiebel R, Thierstein HR (2004a) Size distribution of Holocene planktic foraminifer assemblages: biogeography, ecology and adaptation. Mar Micropaleontol 50:319–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmuker B, Schiebel R (2002) Planktic foraminifers and hydrography of the eastern and northern Caribbean Sea. Mar Micropaleontol 46:387–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott F, McCreary J (2001) The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 51:1–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz H, von Rad U, Ittekkot V (2002) Planktic foraminifera, particle flux and oceanic productivity off Pakistan, NE Arabian Sea: modern analogues and application to the paleoclimatic record. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 195:499–516

    Google Scholar 

  • Shankar D, Vinayachandran P, Unnikrishnan A (2002) The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 52:63–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Shetye SR, Shenoi SSC, Gouveia AD, Michael GS, Sundar D, Nampoothiri G (1991) Wind-driven coastal upwelling along the western boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Cont Shelf Res 11:1397–1408

    Google Scholar 

  • Siccha M, Kucera M (2017) ForCenS, a curated database of planktonic foraminifera census counts in marine surface sediment samples. Sci Data 4:170109

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh DP, Saraswat R, Pawar R (2022) Distinct environmental parameters influence the abundance of living benthic foraminifera morphogroups in the southeastern Arabian Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:82541–82558

    Google Scholar 

  • Spezzaferri S, Kucera M, Pearson PN, Wade BS, Rappo S, Poole CR, Morard R, Stalder C (2015) Fossil and genetic evidence for the polyphyletic nature of the planktonic foraminifera “Globigerinoides”, and description of the new genus Trilobatus. PLoS One 10:5

    Google Scholar 

  • Stainbank S, Kroon D, Rüggeberg A, Raddatz J, de Leau ES, Zhang M, Spezzaferri S (2019) Controls on planktonic foraminifera apparent calcification depths for the northern equatorial Indian Ocean. PLoS One 14:e0222299

  • Suokhrie T, Saraswat R, Nigam R (2020) Lack of denitrification causes a difference in benthic foraminifera living in the oxygen deficient zones of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 153:110992

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suokhrie T, Saraswat R, Nigam R (2021) Multiple ecological parameters affect living benthic foraminifera in the river-influenced west-central Bay of Bengal. Front Mar Sci 8:656757

    Google Scholar 

  • Suokhrie T, Saraswat R, Saju S (2022) Strong solar influence on multi-decadal periodic productivity changes in the central-western Bay of Bengal. Quatern Int 629:16–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Symphonia T, Nathan DS (2014) Planktonic foraminifera from the offshore segment between Chennai and Cuddalore, Bay of Bengal, India. Int J Sci Res 3:2319–7064

    Google Scholar 

  • Thirumalai K, Richey JN, Quinn TM, Poore RZ (2014) Globigerinoides ruber morphotypes in the Gulf of Mexico: a test of null hypothesis. Sci Rep 4:6018

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson PR (1981) Planktonic foraminifera in the western north Pacific during the past 150000 years: comparison of modern and fossil assemblages. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 35:241–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Thunell RC, Reynolds LA (1984) Sedimentation of planktonic foraminifera: seasonal changes in species flux in the Panama Basin. Micropaleontology 30:243–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Thunell RC, Varela R, Llano M, Collister J, Karger FM, Bohrer R (2000) Organic carbon fluxes, degradation, and accumulation in an anoxic basin: sediment trap results from the Cariaco Basin. Limnol Oceanogr 45:300–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trask PD (1936) Relation of salinity to the calcium carbonate content of marine sediments. Shorter contributions to General Geology, USGS Numbered Series 186:273–299

  • Vinayachandran PN (2009) Impact of physical processes on chlorophyll distribution in the Bay of Bengal. Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability 185:71-86

  • Vinayachandran P, Masumoto Y, Mikawa T, Yamagata T (1999) Intrusion of the Southwest Monsoon Current into the Bay of Bengal. J Geophys Res: Oceans 104:11077–11085

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran PN, McCreary JP Jr, Hood RR, Kohler K (2005) A numerical investigation of phytoplankton bloom in Bay of Bengal during northeast monsoon. J Geophys Res 110:C12001

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran PN, Shankar D, Vernekar S, Sandeep KK, Amol P, Neema CP, Chatterjee A (2013) A summer monsoon pump to keep the Bay of Bengal salty. Geophys Res Lett 40:1777–1782

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Ding X, Bassinot F (2021) Observations of contrasted glacial-interglacial dissolution of foraminifera above the lysocline in the Bay of Bengal, northeastern Indian Ocean. Acta Oceanol Sin 40:155–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples DW, Sloan JR (1980) Carbon and nitrogen diagenesis in deep sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:1463–1470

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins JM, Mix AC, Wilson J (1996) Living planktic foraminifera: tracers of circulation and productivity regimes in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep Sea Res Part II: Top Stud Oceanogr 43:1257–1282

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav R, Naik SS, Naidu PD (2022) Contrasts in calcium carbonate dissolution above the lysocline in the equatorial Indian Ocean over the last ~40 ka. Mar Geol 444:106717

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaric S, Donner B, Fischer G, Mulitza S, Wefer G (2005) Sensitivity of planktic foraminifera to sea surface temperature and export production as derived from sediment trap data. Mar Micropaleontol 55:75–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarkogiannis SD, Iwasaki S, Rae JW, Schmidt MW, Mortyn PG, Kontakiotis G, Hertzberg JE, Rickaby RE (2022) Calcification, dissolution and test properties of modern planktonic foraminifera from the central Atlantic Ocean. Front Mar Sci 9:864801

    Google Scholar 

  • Zobel B (1971) Foraminifera from plankton tows, Arabian Sea: areal distribution as influenced by ocean water masses. In: Proceedings of the II planktic foraminifera conference Edizioni Tecnoscienza, Rome, pp 1323–1335

  • Zweng MM, Reagan JR, Seidov D, Boyer TP, Locarnini RA, Garcia HE, Mishonov AV, Baranova OK, Weathers K, Paver CR, Smolyar IV (2019) World Ocean Atlas 2018, Volume 2: Salinity. Mishonov Technical A (Ed), NOAA Atlas NESDIS 82:50

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to all the crew members and scientists who participated in 67th cruise of RV Sindhu Sadhana (SSD076) to collect the samples. We also acknowledge the help by Shri Shashikant Velip, Senior Technical Officer, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, to operate the multicorer. The authors thank Dr. Sujata R. Kurtarkar for the help in identification of planktic foraminifera. The help by Mrs. Teja Ankush Naik in CN and TIC analysis under the Central Analytical Facility (CAF) of the CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India, is thankfully acknowledged. MS thanks Joint CSIR-University Grants Commission for providing the research fellowship. The authors thank the two anonymous reviewers for the suggestions to improve a previous version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, under Core Research Grant Scheme to RS (Grant Number CRG/2019/000221).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Micropaleontology Laboratory, Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India

    Mohd Salman & Rajeev Saraswat

  2. School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa, India

    Mohd Salman

Authors
  1. Mohd Salman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajeev Saraswat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RS conceptualized and designed the project. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by MS and RS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MS, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohd Salman.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

The manuscript has not been submitted to any journal other than Environmental Science and Pollution Research. We also promise that the submitted work is original and have not used any data or figures from any published articles. Here, we have used our own generated data and figures.

Consent to participate

All the authors consent to participate in the research article and do not have any financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

Consent for publication

I assured that all authors agreed to publish this manuscript in Environmental Science and Pollution Research. The authors also obtained the consent, before submitting the manuscript, from CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, where the work has been carried out.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: V.V.S.S. Sarma

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salman, M., Saraswat, R. Intrusion of Arabian Sea high salinity water and monsoon-associated processes modulate planktic foraminiferal abundance and carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 24961–24985 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32685-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32685-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation