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New porous amine-functionalized biochar-based desiccated coconut waste as efficient CO2 adsorbents

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Abstract

Climate change caused by the greenhouse gases CO2 remains a topic of global concern. To mitigate the excessive levels of anthrophonic CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 capture methods have been developed and among these, adsorption is an especially promising method. This paper presents a series of amine functionalized biochar obtained from desiccated coconut waste (amine-biochar@DCW) for use as CO2 adsorbent. They are ethylenediamine-functionalized biochar@DCW (EDA-biochar@DCW), diethylenetriamine-functionalized biochar@DCW (DETA-biochar@DCW), triethylenetetramine-functionalized biochar@DCW (TETA-biochar@DCW), tetraethylenepentamine-functionalized biochar@DCW (TEPA-biochar@DCW), and pentaethylenehexamine-functionalized biochar@DCW (PEHA-biochar@DCW). The adsorbents were obtained through amine functionalization of biochar and they are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CO2 adsorption study was conducted isothermally and using a thermogravimetric analyzer. From the results of the characterization analyses, a series of amine-biochar@DCW adsorbents had larger specific surface area in the range of 16.2 m2/g–37.1 m2/g as compare to surface area of pristine DCW (1.34 m2/g). Furthermore, the results showed an increase in C and N contents as well as the appearance of NH stretching, NH bending, CN stretching, and CN bending, suggesting the presence of amine on the surface of biochar@DCW. The CO2 adsorption experiment shows that among the amine modified biochar adsorbents, TETA-biochar@DCW has the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (61.78 mg/g) when using a mass ratio (m:m) of biochar@DCW:TETA (1:2). The adsorption kinetics on the TETA-biochar@DCW was best fitted by the pseudo-second model (R2 = 0.9998), suggesting the adsorption process occurs through chemisorption. Additionally, TETA-biochar@DCW was found to have high selectivity toward CO2 gas and good reusability even after five CO2 adsorption–desorption cycles. The results demonstrate the potential of novel CO2 adsorbents based on amine functionalized on desiccated coconut waste biochar.

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Funding

This work was supported by FRGS RACER grant (RACER/1/2019/STG01/UNIMAP//1) funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi, Arau, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia

    Dina Sofiea Zakaria, Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi, Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim & Ghee Kang Zheng

  2. Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia

    Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi & Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Sharifah Mohamad

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  1. Dina Sofiea Zakaria
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Contributions

Dina Sofiea Zakaria: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and visualization. Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, supervision, and project administration. Hairul Nazirah Abdul Halim: validation, investigation, writing—review and editing, and visualization. Sharifah Mohamad: investigation and visualization. Ghee Kang Zheng: investigation and visualization.

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Highlights

• A series of amine functionalized on biochar-based desiccated coconut waste (amine-biochar@DCW) was used as efficient CO2 adsorbents.

• The synthesis of series of amine functionalized on biochar-based desiccated coconut waste demonstrates the use of low-cost and environmentally friendly feedstock.

• The high regeneration ability of synthesized adsorbent offers economical and practical applications for CO2 capture.

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Zakaria, D.S., Rozi, S.K.M., Halim, H.N.A. et al. New porous amine-functionalized biochar-based desiccated coconut waste as efficient CO2 adsorbents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 16309–16327 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32285-2

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