Abstract
Halonitromethanes (HNMs), a representative nitrogen-containing disinfection byproduct, have gained significant concerns due to their higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. UV/chlorination is considered a promising alternative disinfection technology for chlorination. This study aimed to investigate the HNMs formation from benzylamine (BZA) during UV/chlorination. The experimental results revealed that the yields of HNMs initially raised to a peak then dropped over time. Higher chlorine dosage and BZA concentration promoted the formation of HNMs, whereas alkaline pH inhibited their formation. The presence of bromine ion (Br−) not only converted chlorinated-HNMs (Cl-HNMs) to brominated (chlorinated)-HNMs Br (Cl)-HNMs) and brominated-HNMs (Br-HNMs) but also enhanced the total concentration of HNMs. Besides, the calculated cytotoxicity index (CTI) and genotoxicity index (GTI) of HNMs were elevated by 68.97% and 60.66% as Br− concentration raised from 2 to 6 µM. The possible formation pathways of HNMs from BZA were proposed based on the intermediates identified by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, the formation rules of HNMs in actual water verified the results in deionized water during UV/chlorination. The results of this study provide basic data and a theoretical basis for the formation and control of HNMs, which is conducive to applying UV/chlorination.
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This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22076023 and No. 21677032). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Qi Xue: Conceptualization, Resources, Visualization, Writing-original. Lin Deng: Methodology, Validation, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration, review & editing. Qian Tang: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. Tao Wang: Conceptualization, Writing-review & editing. Wei Luo: Conceptualization, Writing-review & editing.
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Xue, Q., Deng, L., Tang, Q. et al. Formation of halonitromethanes from benzylamine during UV/chlorination: Impact factors, toxicity alteration, and pathways. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 16437–16452 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32132-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32132-4