Abstract
Gasification slag (GS) is rich in SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, and has excellent particle size gradation, which has the potential to be employed as an aggregate in the field of controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Nevertheless, the large-scale application of GS as the fine aggregate for the preparation of CLSM has been scarcely investigated. In the present work, the applicability of replacing part of coal gangue (CG) with gasification coarse slag (GCS) as fine aggregate for the preparation of CLSM was investigated. The results revealed that using GCS as a fine aggregate improved the flowability of CLSM, and increasing the GCS content from 0 to 50 wt% improved the flowability from 250.0 to 280.0 mm. The 28-day compressive strength of all CLSM conformed to the requirements of ACI Committee 229. Compared to the Blank group, the 7- and 28-day compressive strength of the CLSM increased by 23.07% and 26.80%, respectively, at a GCS content of 50 wt%. The increase in compressive strength was mainly due to the pore-filling and hydration-promoting effect of the GCS, which made the structure denser. The dense structure reduced the expansion rate, absorption, and porosity rate of CLSM and increased the wet density. The optimal process parameter was the addition of 10 wt% of GCS. The results of heavy metal ion leaching showed that the optimal sample GS10 leached all heavy metal ions in much less than the limit values of GB 8978–1996 and GB 5085.3–2007. The results will provide new ideas and technical approaches for the large-scale application of GCS as the fine aggregate in CLSM.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
ACI-229R-13 (2013) Report on controlled low-strength materials. American Concrete Institute. https://www.doc88.com/p-48747165907213.html
Ahadzadeh Ghanad D, Soliman A, Godbout S, Palacios J (2020) Properties of bio-based controlled low strength materials. Constr Build Mater 262:120742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120742
Alizadeh V (2019) New approach for proportioning of controlled low strength materials. Constr Build Mater 201:871–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.041
ASTM D6023–16 (2016) Standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, cement content, and air content (gravimetric) of controlled low-strength material (CLSM). ASTM International. https://standards.globalspec.com/std/3863248/ASTM%20D6023-16
ASTM D6103–17 (2017) Standard test method for flow consistency of controlled low strength material (CLSM). ASTM International. https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/astm/astmd6103d6103m17
Casanovas-Rubio MDM, Pujadas P, Pardo-Bosch F, Blanco A, Aguado A (2019) Sustainability assessment of trenches including the new eco-trench: a multi-criteria decision-making tool. J Clean Prod 238:117957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117957
Chen X, Shi X, Zhang S, Chen H, Zhou J, Yu Z, Huang P (2020) Fiber-reinforced cemented paste backfill: the effect of fiber on strength properties and estimation of strength using nonlinear models. Materials 13:718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030718
Chen D, Cao T, Yang K, Chen R, Li C, Qin R (2022a) Study on the optimization of proportion of fly ash-based solid waste filling material with low cost and high reliability. Sustainability 14:8530. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148530
Chen T, Yuan N, Wang S, Hao X, Zhang X, Wang D, Yang X (2022b) The effect of bottom ash ball-milling time on properties of controlled low-strength material using multi-component coal-based solid wastes. Sustainability 14:9949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169949
Cui X, Ni W, Ren C (2017) Hydration mechanism of all solid waste cementitious materials based on steel slag and blast furnace slag. Chin J Mater Res 31:687–694. https://doi.org/10.11901/1005.3093.2016.741
Dai G, Zheng S, Wang X, Bai Y, Dong Y, Du J, Sun X, Tan H (2020) Combustibility analysis of high-carbon fine slags from an entrained flow gasifier. J Environ Manage 271:111009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111009
Das SK, Mahamaya M, Reddy KR (2020) Coal mine overburden soft shale as a controlled low strength material. Int J Min Reclam Env 34:725–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2020.1721043
Do TM, Do AN, Kang G, Kim Y (2019) Utilization of marine dredged soil in controlled low-strength material used as a thermal grout in geothermal systems. Constr Build Mater 215:613–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.255
GB 5085.3–2007 (2007) Identification standards for hazardous wastes-Identification for extraction toxicity. China National Standard, Ministry of Ecology and Environment: Beijing, China. https://www.antpedia.com/standard/5136493-1.html
GB 8978–1996 (1996) Integrated wastewater discharge standard. China National Standard, Ministry of Ecology and Environment: Beijing, China. https://www.soujianzhu.cn/NormAndRules/NormContent.aspx?id=968
GB/T 29417–2012 (2012) Standard test methods for drying shrinkage stress and cracking possibility of cement mortar and concrete. China National Standard, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine: Beijing, China. https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=15E0112487D976A3E7075848DE0F2EE7
GB/T 50080–2016 (2016) Standard for test method of performance on ordinary fresh concrete. China National Standard, Ministry of Construction: Beijing, China. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-01/10/content_5158494.htm
GB/T 50081–2019 (2019) Standard for test method of concrete physical and mechanical properties. China National Standard, Ministry of Construction: Beijing, China. https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/201910/20191012_242198.html
Hao T, Wang S, Leng F (2020) Preparation of high fluid filling materials by using subway shield muck. Bullet Chin Ceram Soc 39:1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.2020.05.024
HJ 557–2010 (2010) Solid waste-extraction procedure for leaching toxicity-horizontal vibration method. China National Standard, Ministry of Ecology and Environment: Beijing, China. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/jcffbz/201002/t20100209_185623.shtml
Ho LS, Jhang B, Hwang C, Huynh T (2022) Development and characterization of a controlled low-strength material produced using a ternary mixture of Portland cement, fly ash, and waste water treatment sludge. J Clean Prod 356:131899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131899
Kaliyavaradhan SK, Ling T, Guo M, Mo KH (2019) Waste resources recycling in controlled low-strength material (clsm): a critical review on plastic properties. J Environ Manage 241:383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.017
Kim B, Jang J, Park C, Han O, Kim H (2016a) Recycling of arsenic-rich mine tailings in controlled low-strength materials. J Clean Prod 118:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.047
Kim Y, Do TM, Kim H, Kang G (2016b) Utilization of excavated soil in coal ash-based controlled low strength material (clsm). Constr Build Mater 124:598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.053
Kim Y, Do TM, Kim M, Kim B, Kim H (2018) Utilization of by-product in controlled low-strength material for geothermal systems: engineering performances, environmental impact, and cost analysis. J Clean Prod 172:909–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.260
Kim S, Kim D, Byun Y (2021) Effect of fly ash on strength and stiffness characteristics of controlled low-strength material in shear wave monitoring. Materials 14:3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113022
Kuo W, Gao Z (2018) Engineering properties of controlled low-strength materials containing bottom ash of municipal solid waste incinerator and water filter silt. Appl Sci 8:1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081377
Lee NK, Kim HK, Park IS, Lee HK (2013) Alkali-activated, cementless, controlled low-strength materials (clsm) utilizing industrial by-products. Constr Build Mater 49:738–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.002
Liu S, Chen X, Ai W, Wei C (2019) A new method to prepare mesoporous silica from coal gasification fine slag and its application in methylene blue adsorption. J Clean Prod 212:1062–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.060
Liu D, Wang W, Tu Y, Ren G, Yan S, Liu H, He H (2022) Flotation specificity of coal gasification fine slag based on release analysis. J Clean Prod 363:132426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132426
Lv B, Zhao Z, Dong B, Deng X, Fang C, Zhang B (2022) Enrichment of residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag in an inflatable-inclined liquid-solid fluidized bed. J Clean Prod 344:131132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131132
Lv B, Chai X, Deng X, Jiao F, Fang C, Xing B (2023a) Recovery of residual carbon from coal gasification fine slag by a combined gravity separation-flotation process. J Environ Manage 348:119351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119351
Lv B, Deng X, Jiao F, Dong B, Fang C, Xing B (2023b) Enrichment and utilization of residual carbon from coal gasification slag: a review. Process Saf Environ Prot 171:859–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.01.079
Qian J, Shu X, Dong Q, Ling J, Huang B (2015) Laboratory characterization of controlled low-strength materials. Mater Des 1980–2015(65):806–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.012
Qiao Q, Zhou H, Guo F, Shu R, Liu S, Xu L, Dong K, Bai Y (2022) Facile and scalable synthesis of mesoporous composite materials from coal gasification fine slag for enhanced adsorption of malachite green. J Clean Prod 379:134739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134739
Razak HA, Naganathan S, Hamid SNA (2009) Performance appraisal of industrial waste incineration bottom ash as controlled low-strength material. J Hazard Mater 172:862–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.070
Ren L, Ding L, Guo Q, Gong Y, Yu G, Wang F (2023) Characterization, carbon-ash separation and resource utilization of coal gasification fine slag: a comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 398:136554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136554
Riviera PP, Bertagnoli G, Choorackal E, Santagata E (2019) Controlled low-strength materials for pavement foundations in road tunnels: feasibility study and recommendations. Mater Struct 52:72. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1367-4
Singh M, Siddique R (2014) Strength properties and micro-structural properties of concrete containing coal bottom ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 50:246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.026
Tan MD, Kang G, Go G, Kim Y (2019) Evaluation of coal ash-based clsm made with cementless binder as a thermal grout for borehole heat exchangers. J Mater Civ Eng 31. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002691
Wang Q (2013) China’s citizens must act to save their environment. Nature 497:159. https://doi.org/10.1038/497159a
Wang W, Zhang T, Chen C, Wu Z, Wei J, Yu Q (2021) Performance evaluation methods of controlled low-strength materials (clsm). Bullet Chin Ceram Soc 40:3634–3643. https://doi.org/10.16552/j.cnki.issn1001-1625.20210824.003
Wang C, Li Y, Wen P, Zeng W, Wang X (2023) A comprehensive review on mechanical properties of green controlled low strength materials. Constr Build Mater 363:129611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129611
Xin J, Liu L, Jiang Q, Yang P, Qu H, Xie G (2022a) Early-age hydration characteristics of modified coal gasification slag-cement-aeolian sand paste backfill. Constr Build Mater 322:125936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125936
Xin J, Liu L, Xu L, Wang J, Yang P, Qu H (2022b) A preliminary study of aeolian sand-cement-modified gasification slag-paste backfill: fluidity, microstructure, and leaching risks. Sci Total Environ 830:154766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154766
Xue Z, Yang C, Dong L, Bao W, Wang J, Fan P (2023) Recent advances and conceptualizations in process intensification of coal gasification fine slag flotation. Sep Purif Technol 304:122394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122394
Yan DYS, Tang IY, Lo IMC (2014) Development of controlled low-strength material derived from beneficial reuse of bottom ash and sediment for green construction. Constr Build Mater 64:201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.087
Yao Z, Fang Y, Kong W, Huang X, Wang X (2020) Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties of coal gangue concrete. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2020:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874191
Yu J, Ding L, Areeprasert C, Xi L, Cheng C, Wang J, Yu G (2023) Mineral-induced catalytic mechanism of sodium-calcium binary catalyst during coal char gasification. J Clean Prod 412:137404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137404
Yuan N, Zhao A, Hu Z, Tan K, Zhang J (2022) Preparation and application of porous materials from coal gasification slag for wastewater treatment: a review. Chemosphere 287:132227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132227
Zhao X, Zeng C, Mao Y, Li W, Peng Y, Wang T, Eiteneer B, Zamansky V, Fletcher T (2010) The surface characteristics and reactivity of residual carbon in coal gasification slag†. Energy Fuels 24:91–94. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9005065
Zhao Y, Liu L, Wen D, Zhang X, Huan C, Zhang B, Wang X (2022) Recycling waste material for backfill coupled heat exchanger systems in underground stopes of mines. Energy Build 256:111703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111703
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1904304), the University-Industry Collaborative Education Program of the Ministry of Education of China (202101255047), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023ZKPYHH05).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Yun Liu, Ning Yuan, and Shanhu Wang: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis, writing-original draft; Ning Yuan and Dongmin Wang: supervision, writing-review and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
All authors agreed with the content of this article.
Consent for publication
All authors are consented to publish the article.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Y., Yuan, N., Wang, S. et al. Evaluation of the applicability of gasification coarse slag as a fine aggregate in controlled low-strength material: preparation, performance, and environmental effect. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 14927–14937 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32074-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32074-x