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Deciphering DOM-metal binding using EEM-PARAFAC: Mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives

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Abstract

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a pivotal component of the biogeochemical cycles and can combine with metal ions through chelation or complexation. Understanding this process is crucial for tracing metal solubility, mobility, and bioavailability. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has emerged as a popular tool in deciphering DOM-metal interactions. In this review, we primarily discuss the advantages of EEM-PARAFAC compared with other algorithms and its main limitations in studying DOM-metal binding, including restrictions in spectral considerations, mathematical assumptions, and experimental procedures, as well as how to overcome these constraints and shortcomings. We summarize the principles of EEM to uncover DOM-metal association, including why fluorescence gets quenched and some potential mechanisms that affect the accuracy of fluorescence quenching. Lastly, we review some significant and innovative research, including the application of 2D-COS in DOM-metal binding analysis, hoping to provide a fresh perspective for possible future hotspots of study. We argue the expansion of EEM applications to a broader range of areas related to natural organic matter. This extension would facilitate our exploration of the mobility and fate of metals in the environment.

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Data Availability

The data presented in this work are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2023NK2027), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1702700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, No. 41907015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410127, China

    Weijun Li, Lei Lu & Huihui Du

  2. Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural University Area, Changsha, 410000, China

    Weijun Li, Lei Lu & Huihui Du

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  1. Weijun Li
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  2. Lei Lu
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Contributions

Weijun Li: Term, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing Original Draft, Visualization. Lei Lu: Writing—Review & Editing. Huihui Du: Conceptualization, Resources, Methodology, Validation, Writing—Review & Editing, Supervision.

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Correspondence to Huihui Du.

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Li, W., Lu, L. & Du, H. Deciphering DOM-metal binding using EEM-PARAFAC: Mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 14388–14405 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32072-z

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