Abstract
Although coastal ecosystems are naturally submitted to temporal variations of salinity, salinization has been increasing over time threatening coastal biodiversity. Species that exploit such habitats can thus be exposed to brackish water at different life stages. However, the impacts of variations of salinity on wildlife remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for coastal amphibians, due to the strong dependency of early life stages (embryos and larvae) on aquatic environments. In order to investigate the effect of salinity during egg laying and embryonic and larval development of coastal amphibians, we used a full-factorial design to expose reproductive adults, eggs, and larvae of coastal spined toads (Bufo spinosus) to fresh (0 g.l−1) or brackish water (4 g.l−1). At egg laying, we evaluated parental investment in reproduction. During embryonic and larval development, we assessed effects on survival, development, and growth. We highlighted strong effects of environmental salinity on reproduction (reduced egg laying time, marginally reduced egg size, and reduced investment in reproduction). Responses to salinity were highly dependent on the developmental stages of exposure (stronger effects when individuals were exposed during embryonic development). These effects carried over when exposure occurred at egg laying or during embryonic development, highlighting the importance of the environmental conditions during early life on ontogenetic trajectories. We also highlighted partial compensation when individuals were transferred back to freshwater. Whether the magnitude of these responses can allow coastal biodiversity to overcome the observed detrimental effects of salinization remain to be assessed.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the staff of the Marais d’Yves National Reserve (Thomas Herault, Karine Vennel, Camille Chave, and Alexandra Kratz) for their help capturing amplectant toads, as well as Mathieu Plateau for its help bringing them to the laboratory.
Funding
Funding was provided by the CNRS, La Rochelle Université, the LPO, the Agence de l’Eau Adour-Garonne, the Conseil Départemental de la Charente-Maritime, the ANR PAMPAS (ANR-18-CE32-0006), the Beauval Nature association, and the Contrat de plan Etat-région Econat.
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LLS and FB have conceptualized the study. LLS, FR, and MJ participated to field prospection. LLS and TB participated to data collection. LLS analyzed the data. LLS and FB wrote the initial draft. All authors have reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version.
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This work was approved by the French authorities under permits DREAL/2020D/8041 (animals capture) and APAFIS #33592-2021102610033982 (animals husbandry).
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Lorrain-Soligon, L., Bizon, T., Robin, F. et al. Variations of salinity during reproduction and development affect ontogenetic trajectories in a coastal amphibian. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 11735–11748 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31886-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31886-1