Abstract
Intensive industrial activities have elevated chromium (Cr) concentrations in the environment, particularly in soil and water, posing a significant threat due to its cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Phytoremediation has emerged as a sustainable and economical alternative for detoxifying pollutants. In this context, an attempt has been made to assess the efficacy of Cr remediation by the invasive plant Alternanthera tenella Colla. The study investigated morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations in plant tissues in response to 240 µM of K2Cr2O7, considering elemental distribution patterns and bioaccumulation potential. Growth parameter assessments revealed a notable 50% reduction in root elongation and biomass content; however, the plant exhibited a comparatively higher tolerance index (47%) under Cr stress. Chromium significantly influenced macro and micro-elemental distribution in plant tissues, particularly in roots and leaves. Structural modifications, including changes in the thickness and diameter of xylem walls in the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Cr-treated A. tenella, were observed. Distinct cell structural distortions and Cr deposit inclusions in the xylem wall and inner parenchyma cells were distinct. Under Cr stress, there was a reduction in pigment content and metabolites such as proteins and soluble sugars, while proline, phenol, and malondialdehyde showed a twofold increase. The concentration of Cr was higher in the shoots of A. tenella (185.7 mg/kg DW) than in the roots (179.625 mg/kg DW). With a high BCFroot value (16.23) and TF > 1, coupled with effective mechanisms to cope with metal stress, A. tenella emerges as an ideal candidate for chromium phytoextraction.
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K.A. Firdous acknowledge the CSIR-SRF fellowship (CSIR-SRF grant no. 08/592(0007)/2020-EMR-I) from Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi. The authors acknowledge the technical assistance provided by the Central Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility (CSIF), University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala for the FTIR analysis and Sophisticated test and Instrumentation Centre, Cochin university of science and technology, Ernakulam, Kerala for the SEM-EDX analysis.
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K.A. Firdous and M.S. Resmi conceived the idea and designed the experiments. K.A. Firdous and K.P. Neethu collected and analyzed the data with assistance from M.S. Resmi. K.A. Firdous led writing with input from M.S. Resmi. K.A. Firdous, M.S. Resmi and P.J. Vivek reviewed and edited further details of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Firdous, K.A., Vivek, P.J., Neethu, K. et al. Physio-anatomical modifications and element allocation pattern in Alternanthera tenella Colla. associated with phytoextraction of chromium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 5784–5806 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31597-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31597-z