Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Emission inventory of inorganic trace gases from solid residential fuels over the National Capital Territory of India

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In developing nations, solid residential fuels are the major sources of primary energy for various domestic activities. To date, the emission inventory of inorganic trace gases over National Capital Territory (NCT) was prepared using either default or country-specific emission factors. In this paper, we report (for the first time) the spatial variation of emission factors (EFs) of inorganic trace gases (SO2, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and CH4) from the residential fuels used in slums and rural areas of NCT determined using dilution chamber in the laboratory. 147 residential fuel samples, including fuelwood, dung cake, crop residues, coal, etc., were collected at 149 NCT locations out of 675 slum clusters and 146 rural villages. The range of EF(s) of SO2 (0.02 ± 0.01 to 0.04 ± 0.01 g kg−1), CH4 (0.10 to 0.34 g kg−1), NO2 (0.01 to 0.02 g kg−1) is lower than the CO (3.55 ± 1.72 to 6.07 ± 1.53 g kg−1) and CO2 (0 to 129.45 ± 46.94 g kg−1). The north and north west districts of NCT are emission hotspots for CH4, NO, and NO2 emissions, whereas, the southern and northern areas of NCT are for CO2. These citywide emission inventories (0.05° × 0.05°) of inorganic trace gases are prepared using laboratory-determined EFs and available consumption data determined by recent survey information. Among solid residential fuels, fuel wood, and dung cake are two major contributors to inorganic trace gases in NCT.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated during the current study are included in this published article.

References

  • Akagi SK, Yokelson RJ, Wiedinmyer C, Alvarado MJ, Reid JS, Karl T, Crounse JD, Wennberg PO (2011) Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models. Atmos Chem Phys 11(9):4039–4072. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreae MO (2019) Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning–an updated assessment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19(13):8523–8546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya SC, Abdul Salam P, Sharma M (2000) Emissions from biomass energy use in some selected Asian countries. Energy 25(2):169–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00065-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Census of India (2012) National population register & socio economic and caste census, office of the registrar general and census commissioner, India (ORGI). Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2 A Mansingh Road, New Delhi 110011, India. Website: http://www.censusindia.gov.in

  • Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (2011) Air quality monitoring, emission inventory and source apportionment study for Indian cities. National Summary Report,  Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi, p 290

  • CESE (Centre for Environment Science & Engineering) (2003) Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. State-wise biomass consumption, available at URL: www.cese.iitb.ac.in/arl/eminv/bm_em1.htm

  • Chen Y, Wild O, Ryan E, Sahu SK, Lowe D, Archer-Nicholls S, Wang Y, McFiggans G, Ansari T, Singh V, Sokhi RS, Archibald A, Beig G (2019) Mitigation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and Ozone Pollution in Delhi: A Sensitivity Study during the Pre-monsoon period [Preprint]. Aerosols/Atmospheric Modelling/Troposphere/Chemistry (chemical composition and reactions). 10.5194/acp-2019-618

  • Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) (2016) Comprehensive Study on Green House Gases (GHGs) in Delhi (Final Report: Green House Gases component). Department of Environment, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi

  • Gadi R, Kulshrestha UC, Sarkar AK, Garg SC, Parashar DC (2011a) Emissions of SO 2 and NO x from biofuels in India. Tellus B: Chem Phys Meteorol 55(3):787–795. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i3.16370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadi R, Kulshrestha UC, Sarkar AK, Garg SC, Parashar DC (2011b) Emissions of SO2 and NOx from biofuels in India. Tellus B: Chem Phys Meteorol 55(3):787. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i3.16370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gains Asia: Scenarios for cost-effective control of air pollution and greenhouse gases in India (2010) GAINS International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Schlossplatz 1 A-2361 Laxenburg Austria. http://gains.iiasa.ac.at

  • Garg A, Shukla PR, Bhattacharya S, Dadhwal VK (2001) Sub-region (district) and sector level SO2 and NOx emissions for India: Assessment of inventories and mitigation flexibility. Atmos Environ 35(4):703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00316-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein B, Gounaridis D, Newell JP (2020) The carbon footprint of household energy use in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(32):19122–19130. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922205117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurjar BR, Van Aardenne JA, Lelieveld J, Mohan M (2004) Emission estimates and trends (1990–2000) for megacity Delhi and implications. Atmos Environ 38(33):5663–5681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guttikunda SK, Calori G (2013) A GIS based emissions inventory at 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution for air pollution analysis in Delhi, India. Atmos Environ 67:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IFMR (2011) Atlas of Household Energy Consumption and Expenditure in India, Richard Woodbridge, Mohit Sharma and David Fuente, Institute for Financial and Management Research, IITM Research Park Phase 1, 10th Floor #1, Kanagam Road Taramani Chennai 600113 India

  • IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) The physical science basis. contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, p 1535

  • Jaffe D (2003) Nitrogen Cycle, Atmospheric. In: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology. Elsevier, pp. 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227410-5/00922-4

  • Kansal A, Khare M, Sharma CS (2011) Air quality modelling study to analyse the impact of the World Bank emission guidelines for thermal power plants in Delhi. Atmos Pollut Res 2(1):99–105. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2011.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MoEF (2012) India second national communication to the united nations framework convention on climate change national project director India’s second national communication to the UNFCCC Room No. 112, Paryavaran Bhawan Ministry of Environment and Forests CGO Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi 110 003

  • MoEFCC (2021) India: third biennial update report to the united nations framework convention on climate change. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi-110003

  • Mohan M, Dagar L, Gurjar BR (2007) Preparation and Validation of Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants and Identification of Emission Hotspots for Megacity Delhi. Environ Monit Assess 130(1–3):323–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9400-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan M, Bhati S, Gunwani P, Marappu P (2012) Emission Inventory of Air Pollutants and Trend Analysis Based on Various Regulatory Measures Over Megacity Delhi. In G. Lopez (Ed.), Air Quality—New Perspective. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/45874

  • Mondal A, Saharan US, Arya R, Yadav L, Ahlawat S, Jangirh R, Kotnala G, Choudhary N, Banoo R, Rai A, Yadav P, Rani M, Lal S, Stewart GJ, Nelson BS, Acton WJF, Vaughan AR, Hamilton JF, Hopkins JR, … Mandal TK (2021) Non-methane volatile organic compounds emitted from domestic fuels in Delhi: Emission factors and total city-wide emissions. Atmos Environ X 11:100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100127

  • Ramachandra TV, Aithal BH, Sreejith K (2015) GHG footprint of major cities in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 44:473–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy MS, Venkataraman C (2002) Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India: I—Fossil fuel combustion. Atmospher Environ 36(4):677–697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SK, Beig G, Parkhi NS (2011) Emissions inventory of anthropogenic PM2.5 and PM10 in Delhi during Commonwealth Games 2010. Atmos Environ 45(34):6180–6190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saud T, Mandal TK, Gadi R, Singh DP, Sharma SK, Saxena M, Mukherjee A (2011a) Emission estimates of particulate matter (PM) and trace gases (SO2, NO and NO2) from biomass fuels used in rural sector of Indo-Gangetic Plain, India. Atmos Environ 45(32):5913–5923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saud T, Saxena M, Singh DP, Saraswati, Dahiya M, Sharma SK, Datta A, Gadi R, Mandal TK (2013) Spatial variation of chemical constituents from the burning of commonly used biomass fuels in rural areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India. Atmos Environ 71:158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.053

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sen A, Mandal TK, Sharma SK, Saxena M, Gupta NC, Gautam R, Gupta A, Gill T, Rani S, Saud T, Singh DP, Gadi R (2014) Chemical properties of emission from biomass fuels used in the rural sector of the western region of India. Atmos Environ 99:411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sindhwani R, Goyal P, Kumar S, Kumar A (2015) Anthropogenic Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants of an Urban Agglomeration—National Capital Region (NCR), Delhi. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15(4):1681–1697. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.11.0271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • State of Environment Report (SOE) for Delhi (2010) Department of environment and forests government of NCT of Delhi, Level 6, C Wing Delhi Secretariat, New Delhi, pp 1–137

  • Stewart GJ, Nelson BS, Acton WJF, Vaughan AR, Farren NJ, Hopkins JR, Ward MW, Swift SJ, Arya R, Mondal A, Jangirh R, Ahlawat S, Yadav L, Sharma SK, Yunus SSM, Hewitt CN, Nemitz E, Mullinger N, Gadi R, … Hamilton JF (2021) Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India. Atmos Chem Phys 21(4):2407–2426. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2407-2021

  • The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) (2011) TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 2010. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), TERI Press, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003

  • US EPA (2014) Emission factors for greenhouse gas inventories; United States environmental protection agency. Washington, DC, USA. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/emission-factors_2014.pdf

  • Yokelson RJ, Burling IR, Urbanski SP, Atlas EL, Adachi K, Buseck PR, Wiedinmyer C, Akagi SK, Toohey DW, Wold CE (2011) Trace gas and particle emissions from open biomass burning in Mexico. Atmos Chem Phys 11(14):6787–6808. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6787-2011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Smith KR, Ma Y, Ye S, Jiang F, Qi W, Liu P, Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA, Thorneloe SA (2000) Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from household stoves in China: A database for emission factors. Atmos Environ 34(26):4537–4549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00450-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-NPL, and the head of the division for allowing to carry out the work. This work was financially supported by Ministry of Earth Science (MoES, grant number MoES/16/19/2017-APHH (DelhiFlux)) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (DelhiFlux, grant number NE/P016502/1) under the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH)-India program.

Funding

This work was financially supported by Ministry of Earth Science (MoES grant number MoES/16/19/2017-APHH (DelhiFlux)) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (DelhiFlux, grant number NE/P016502/1) under the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH)-India program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, India

    Rahul Arya, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Martina Rani, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Garima Kotnala, Nikki Choudhary, Akansha Rai, Ummed Singh Saharan, Pooja Yadav, Rubiya Banoo, Sudhir Kumar Sharma & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Rahul Arya, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Martina Rani, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Garima Kotnala, Nikki Choudhary, Akansha Rai, Ummed Singh Saharan, Pooja Yadav, Rubiya Banoo, Sudhir Kumar Sharma & Tuhin Kumar Mandal

  3. India Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

    Bhola Ram Gurjar

  4. UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK

    Eiko Nemitz

  5. Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK

    Jacqueline F. Hamilton

Authors
  1. Rahul Arya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sakshi Ahlawat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lokesh Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martina Rani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Arnab Mondal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ritu Jangirh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Garima Kotnala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Nikki Choudhary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Akansha Rai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Ummed Singh Saharan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Pooja Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Rubiya Banoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Sudhir Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Bhola Ram Gurjar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Eiko Nemitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Jacqueline F. Hamilton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Tuhin Kumar Mandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RA, MR, SA, LY, AM, RJ, GK, NC, AR, USS, PY, RB collected biomass samples during the survey over Delhi. RA, MR, SA, LY, AM, and RJ performed the burning experiments. RA analyzed data and took the lead in drafting the manuscript. SKS, BRG, EN, and JFH assisted with data analysis, reviewing, proofreading, and supervision. TKM conceptualized the program and was involved in data analysis, reviewing, proofreading, and supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tuhin Kumar Mandal.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

The manuscript will not be submitted to any other journal. The submitted work is original and is not published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full) unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. A single study will not be split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions. The results presented in the manuscript are without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. No data, text, or theories by others are presented in this manuscript. Authors ensure that they have permission for the use of software, questionnaires/(web) surveys, and scales in their studies.

Consent to participate

This research does not involve human participants and/or animals.

Consent to publish

All authors agreed with the content, and all gave explicit consent to submit.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Gerhard Lammel

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 39499 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Arya, R., Ahlawat, S., Yadav, L. et al. Emission inventory of inorganic trace gases from solid residential fuels over the National Capital Territory of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 4012–4024 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31278-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31278-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation