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Spatial dynamics and risk assessment of phosphorus in the river sediment continuum (Qinhuai River basin, China)

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Abstract

This study investigated the concentration and fractionation of phosphorus (P) using sequential P extraction and their influencing factors by introducing the PLS-SEM model (partial least squares structural equation model) along this continuum from the Qinhuai River. The results showed that the average concentrations of inorganic P (IP) occurred in the following order: urban sediment (1499.1 mg/kg) > suburban sediment (846.1–911.9 mg/kg) > rural sediment (661.1 mg/kg) > natural sediment (179.9 mg/kg), and makes up to 53.9–87.1% of total P (TP). The same as the pattern of IP, OP nearly increased dramatically with increasing the urbanization gradient. This spatial heterogenicity of P along a river was attributed mainly to land use patterns and environmental factors (relative contribution affecting the P fractions: sediment nutrients > metals > grain size). In addition, the highest values of TP (2876.5 mg/kg), BAP (biologically active P, avg, 675.7 mg/kg), and PPI (P pollution index, ≥ 2.0) were found in urban sediments among four regions, indicating a higher environmental risk of P release, which may increase the risk of eutrophication in overlying water bodies. Collectively, this work improves the understanding of the spatial dynamics of P in the natural-rural–urban river sediment continuum, highlights the need to control P pollution in urban sediments, and provides a scientific basis for the future usage and disposal of P in sediments.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51979077). Thanks to Zhirui Qin for his technical guidance.

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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51979077).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    Yanyan Cao, Jianzhong Zhu, Zhimin Gao, Sanjun Li, Qiuzi Zhu & Hailong Wang

  2. College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China

    Qi Huang

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  1. Yanyan Cao
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Contributions

Yanyan Cao: sampling plan, conceptualization, methodology, data curation, formal analysis, writing – original draft; Jianzhong Zhu: conceptualization, reviewing and editing, resourcing – managing; Zhimin Gao: formal analysis, writing – reviewing and editing; Sanjun Li: sampling plan, formal analysis, investigation; Qiuzi Zhu: investigation, methodology; Hailong Wang: investigation, formal analysis; Qi Huang: writing – reviewing and editing.

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Cao, Y., Zhu, J., Gao, Z. et al. Spatial dynamics and risk assessment of phosphorus in the river sediment continuum (Qinhuai River basin, China). Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 2198–2213 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31241-w

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