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Advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs) for wastewater treatment, current challenges, and future perspectives: a review

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Abstract

Advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs) are considered as effective water treatment technologies and thus could be used to solve the problem of water pollution. These technologies of wastewater treatment involve the production of highly reactive species such as •OH, H•, e−aq, SO4•−, and SO3•−. These radicals can attack the targeted contaminants present in aqueous media and result in their destruction. The efficiency of AO/RPs is highly affected by various operational parameters such as initial concentration of contaminant, solution pH, catalyst amount, intensity of light source, nature of oxidant and reductant used, and the presence of various ionic species in aquatic media. Among AO/RPs, the solar light-based AO/RPs are most widely used nowadays for contaminant removal from aqueous media because of their high environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness. By using these techniques, almost all types of pollutants can be easily removed from aquatic media within short intervals of time, and hence, the problem of water pollution can be solved effectively. This review focuses on various AO/RPs used for wastewater treatment. The effects of different operational parameters that affect the efficiency of these processes toward contaminant removal have been discussed. Besides, challenges and future recommendations are also briefly provided for the researchers in order to improve the efficiency of these processes.

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Abbreviations

AO/RPs:

Advanced oxidation reduction processes

VUV:

Vacuum ultraviolet

UV:

Ultraviolet

UV/H2O2 :

Ultraviolet coupled with hydrogen peroxide

UV/PS:

Ultraviolet in combination with persulfate

UV/PMS:

Ultraviolet in combination with peroxymonosulfate

O3 :

Ozone

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

PhACs:

Pharmaceutical active compounds

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

TOC:

Total organic carbon

O3/H2O2 :

Ozone paired with hydrogen peroxide

O3/UV:

Ozone coupled with ultraviolet irradiations

O3/H2O2/UV:

Ozone in combination with both hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiations

O3/catalysts:

Ozone coupled with catalysts

Fe2+/H2O2 :

Fenton process

Fe2+/H2O2/UV:

Photo-Fenton process

EOP:

Electrochemical oxidation process

H2O∙ + :

Water radical cation

H2O˟ :

Water molecule in excited state

Fe2+ :

Ferrous ion

Fe3+ :

Ferric ion

O2 :

Molecular oxygen

O2 ∙− :

Superoxide radical anion

e− :

Sub-excited electron

e− aq :

Hydrated electron

e−-h + :

Electron–hole pair

λ max :

Absorption maxima

S2O4 2─ :

Dithionite

SO3 2─ :

Sulfite

S2─ :

Sulfide

DI:

Deionized water

MNZ:

Metronidazole

DMZ:

Dimetridazole

TNZ:

Tinidazole

AMX:

Amoxicillin

SMX:

Sulfamethoxazole

SDZ:

Sulfadiazine

CBZ:

Carbamazepine

DCF:

Diclofenac

NPX:

Naproxen

TCA:

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole

2-CP:

2-Chlorophenol

HA:

Humic acid

TSL:

Tyrosol

1H-BTA:

1H-benzotriazoles

MB:

Methylene blue

MO:

Methyl orange

RhB:

Rhodamine B

NFCL:

Nanofiltration concentrated leachate

NH3-N:

Ammonia-nitrogen

THM:

Trihalomethanes

TiO2 :

Titania

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

Bi2WO6 :

Bismuth tungstate

TiSOM:

Titanium suboxide mesh

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

γ-AlOOH:

γ-Boehmite

ESR:

Electron spin resonance

SHE:

Standard hydrogen electrode

pH:

Power of hydrogen ion

%:

Percentage

E g :

Band gap energy

VB:

Valence band

CB:

Conduction band

60Co:

Cobalt-60

ARGs:

Antimicrobial resistance genes

ERM:

Erythromycin

E-beam:

Electron beam

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Funding

The authors are thankful to the National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, for provision of financial support. The authors also acknowledge the support of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan by granting NRPU Project No. 17212.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiation and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Qaiser Khan, Murtaza Sayed, Javed Ali Khan & Ikhtiar Gul

  2. Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Javed Ali Khan

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

    Faiza Rehman

  4. Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Saima Noreen

  5. Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Saima Sohni

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  1. Qaiser Khan
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QK wrote the manuscript. MS supervised the complete project. JAK, FR, SN, SS, and IG reviewed and edited the complete manuscript.

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Khan, Q., Sayed, M., Khan, J.A. et al. Advanced oxidation/reduction processes (AO/RPs) for wastewater treatment, current challenges, and future perspectives: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 1863–1889 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31181-5

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