Abstract
Global water resources are under great pressure, so sustainable water and wastewater management is essential for every industrial unit. The water footprint (WF) is a multidimensional indicator of volumetric water use and pollution and is applied throughout the production cycle from the supply chain to the end user. The state-of-the art method of calculating the direct (operational) WF requires detailed records of water consumption and wastewater production per process, that are usually not available. In order to effectively implement the indicator, modifications to the standard calculation method are usually necessary, to meet the requirements and characteristics of each production unit. The present study focuses in three production units in Greece (i.e., cement, brewery, and natural cosmetics) and analyzes the modifications and assumptions required for the operational WF assessment, calculated for each production process where possible and for the whole unit. The WF assessment performed for the three case studies showed that both water consumption rates and operational WFs are within the lowest values (4.7 hL water/hL beer for brewery case study and 0.155 L/kg cement for cement case study) of the ranges reported in the international literature (4–8.8 hL water/hL beer and 0.14–0.413 L/kg cement). The total operational WF of the brewery after applying mass balances was calculated at 23.8 hL water/hL beer with virtual grey WF contributing at 79.7% and blue WF at 20.3%. For the cement manufacturing unit, using estimations from the plant operators and data from international literature, the total operational WF of the plant was assessed at 0.159 L/kg cement with blue WF contributing at 95.8%, green WF at 1%, and virtual grey WF at 3.2%. For the natural cosmetics unit, after modifying the system boundaries properly, the total operational WF was assessed at 81.6 L/kg bulk with virtual grey WF contributing at 88.8%. Through WF assessment, strategic actions could be identified to reduce water consumption and a benchmark could be provided to assess water performance between companies of the same branch.
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Data availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The authors would like to thank the brewery, the natural cosmetics, and the cement manufacturing companies for providing the data for the research.
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Helen Grigoropoulou: conceptualization, review, supervision. Ioanna Nydrioti: validation, visualization, writing—original draft, data curation for cosmetics plant. Melina-Margaret Moutsaki: formal analysis, data curation for cement plant. Nikolaos Leounakis: formal analysis, data curation for brewery.
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Nydrioti, I., Moutsaki, MM., Leounakis, N. et al. Implementation of the water footprint as a water performance indicator in industrial manufacturing units located in Greece: challenges and prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 803–819 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31145-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31145-9