Abstract
India, being a developing country, faces big challenges in ensuring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for all. This case study presents the performance evaluation of a large wastewater management and sanitation-related infrastructure in a metropolitan city in North India. “Dravyavati River Project” is the major sanitation program of the water-stressed Jaipur city based on the concept of river rejuvenation of the long-lost Dravyavati River which flows across the city. The project envisages integrated urban water management such that it aims at the collection and treatment of wastewater (sewage network and treatment plants), safe disposal, ensuring continuous unpolluted flow, geological and ecological integrity to strengthen public health, to reduce the impact of water stress on the total water cycle by promoting groundwater recharge, and improvement in biodiversity. The technical assessment is based on the primary and secondary data collection of field samples and laboratory analysis of influent and effluent samples collected from the five sewage treatment plants (STPs). The results suggest that the project has largely delivered the envisaged environment, public well-being, and ecological and socioeconomic benefits, but there are substantial gaps in the conceived outputs and actual performance. The challenge lies in bridging these gaps and overcoming operational inefficiencies to ensure the sustainability of the Dravyavati River rejuvenation.
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Abbreviations
- WASH:
-
Water sanitation and hygiene
- UN:
-
United Nations
- STP:
-
Sewage treatment plant
- MLD:
-
Million liters per day
- JDA:
-
Jaipur Development Authority
- GIS:
-
Geographic Information System
- km:
-
Kilometers
- INR:
-
Indian rupee
- US:
-
United States
- O&M:
-
Operations and Maintenance
- ML:
-
Million liters
- SBR:
-
Sequencing batch reactor
- APHA:
-
American Public Health Association
- PLCs:
-
Programmable logic controllers
- SCADA:
-
Supervisory control and data acquisition
- pH:
-
Potential of hydrogen
- BOD:
-
Biochemical oxygen demand
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- TSS:
-
Total suspended solids
- TKN:
-
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen
- DO:
-
Dissolved oxygen
- mg/L:
-
Milligram per liter
- Ppm:
-
Parts per million
- MPN:
-
Most probable number
- SI:
-
Summer influent
- SE:
-
Summer effluent
- MI:
-
Monsoon influent
- ME:
-
Monsoon effluent
- WI:
-
Winter influent
- WE:
-
Winter effluent
- CPCB:
-
Central pollution control board
- PPCPs:
-
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to immensely thank the Jaipur Development Authority (JDA), the team of JDA handling the Dravyavati Project, Tata Projects Ltd., and the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) wing of Tata Projects Ltd. for maintaining the sewage treatment plants. We are also grateful to the higher management of Manipal University Jaipur, India, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, for further support and motivation.
Funding
This work was supported by Manipal University Jaipur. Ms. Shivon Mehta has received small research support from Manipal University Jaipur during her final year B.Tech. internship.
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Shivon Mehta: visualization, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, and writing—original draft preparation. Monika Sogani: conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing and editing, and supervision. Zainab Syed: data curation, formal analysis, and writing—original draft preparation. Kumar Sonu: data curation, formal analysis, and writing—original draft preparation. Anu Kumar: writing—reviewing and editing and supervision. Anil Dutt Vyas: writing—reviewing and editing and supervision.
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Mehta, S., Sogani, M., Syed, Z. et al. River rejuvenation in urban India for enhancing living conditions through integrated water resources management. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 682–698 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31065-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31065-8