Abstract
In the present studies, the synthesis of pure ZnO nanoparticles and Mg and S-doped ZnO particles were carried out using a non-aqueous sol–gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized using XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, UV–Vis-DRS, XPS, PL, and BET surface area analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to examine the crystallization of ZnO, Mg-ZnO, and S-ZnO samples. The Mg-ZnO and S-ZnO samples exhibit significant c-axis compression and smaller crystallite sizes as compared to undoped ZnO. The optical band gap of Mg-ZnO and S-ZnO NPs were found to be 2.93 eV and 2.32 eV, respectively, which are lower than that of ZnO NPs (3.05 eV). The S-doped ZnO resulted in the homogenous distribution of sulfur ions in the ZnO lattice crystal. XPS analysis revealed that the doped S element was mostly S4+ and S6+. A systematic evaluation has been conducted to assess the influence of several operational parameters, including doped/undoped stoichiometry, solution pH, catalyst dosage, and radical trapping experiment, on the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) dye. Furthermore, we investigated the photocatalytic degradation activity of ZnO, Mg-ZnO, and S-ZnO samples with aquoues solution of 5 ppm Rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G) at room temperature. Results indicated that pure ZnO nanoparticles have the highest photocatalytic degradation rate constant (0.00344 min−1), compared to the samples Mg-ZnO (0.00104 min−1) and S-ZnO (0.00108 min−1) with Rh 6G dye in presence of visible light emitting diode (Vis-LED) source at room temperature. The enhanced visible light photocatalytic activities of pure ZnO NPs were attributed to their superior surface properties (18.30 m2/g) and effective electron–hole separation.
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Acknowledgements
Authors gratefully acknowledge the CRF facility of RGIPT, Jais, Amethi, India for allowing us to use the powder XRD, FESEM, FTIR, XPS, and UV-Vis characterization facilities and Dr. Shikha Singh and Prof. M S Balathanigaimani for using the PL and BET surface area characterization.
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YY: conceptualization, validation, data curation, supervision, writing—original draft with review and editing.
DJ: perform experiment, collecting data and characterization.
NJ: perform experiment, collecting data and characterization.
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Highlights
• Mg and S-ZnO nanoparticles have easily synthesized by non-aqueous sol-gel route.
• Crystallite size of Mg and S-ZnO particles have reduced due to lattice strain.
• Flower-like nanosheet structure of S-ZnO samples has reduces the energy band gap.
• The high surface area enhanced the photocatalytic activity of Rh 6G dye.
• PVP reduces the photocatalytic activity of Rh 6G under visible light irradiation.
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Yadawa, Y., Jha, D. & Joshi, N. Cost-effective efficient materials for dye degradation using non-aqueous sol–gel route. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 740–756 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31036-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31036-z