Abstract
Urban rainstorm and waterlogging occurred more frequently in recent years, causing huge economic losses and serious social harms. Accurate rainstorm and waterlogging simulation is of significant value for disaster prevention and mitigation. This paper proposed a numerical model for urban rainstorm and waterlogging based on the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Geographic Information System (GIS), and the model was applied in Lianhu district of Xi’an city of China. Furthermore, the effects of rainfall characteristics, pipe network implementation level and urbanization level on waterlogging were explored from the perspectives of spatial distribution of waterlogging points, drainage capacity of pipe network and surface runoff generation and confluence. The results show that: (1) with the increase of rainfall recurrence period, the peak of total water accumulating volume, the average decline rate of water accumulating volume and the number of waterlogging nodes increase; (2) optimizing the pipe diameter can shorten the average overload time of the pipe network from the entire pipe network, but for a single pipe, optimizing the pipe diameter may lead to overloading of unoptimized downstream pipeline; (3) the lower the imperviousness, the less the number of waterlogging nodes and average time of water accumulating, and (4) the west, northwest and southwest areas are relatively affected by the imperviousness, only improving the underlying surface conditions has limited influence on waterlogging in the study area. This study can provide reference for urban waterlogging prevention and reduction and pipe network reconstruction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Cunha MC, Zeferino JA, Simões NE, Saldarriaga JG (2016) Optimal location and sizing of storage units in a drainage system. Environ Model Softw 83:155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.05.015
Denault C, Millar RG, Lence BJ (2006) Assessment of possible impacts of climate change in an urban catchment. J Am Water Resour Assoc 42:685–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb04485.x
Dong B-L, Xia J-Q, Li Q-J, Zhou M-R (2022) Risk assessment for people and vehicles in an extreme urban flood: Case study of the “7.20” flood event in Zhengzhou. China. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 80:103205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103205
Eckart K, McPhee Z, Bolisetti T (2018) Multiobjective optimization of low impact development stormwater controls. J Hydrol 562:564–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.068
Ghodsi SH, Zhu Z-D, Matott LS, Rabideau AJ, Torres MN (2023) Optimal siting of rainwater harvesting systems for reducing combined sewer overflows at city scale. Water Res 230:119533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119533
He L, Li S, Cui C-H, Yang S-S, Ding J, Wang G-Y, Bai S-W, Zhao L, Cao G-L, Ren N-Q (2022) Runoff control simulation and comprehensive benefit evaluation of low-impact development strategies in a typical cold climate area. Environ Res 206:112630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112630
Hou J-M, Guo K-H, Wang Z-L, Jing H-X, Li D-L (2017) Numerical simulation of design storm pattern effects on urban flood inundation. Adv Water Sci 28:820–828. https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2017.06.003. (in Chinese)
Hou J-W, Mao H-X, Li J-P, Sun S-Q (2019) Spatial simulation of the ecological processes of stormwater for sponge cities. J Environ Manag 232:574–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.111
Hou J-M, Kang Y-D, Li X, Chen G-Z, Luo H, Bai G-B, Bi X, Gao X-J, Kong X-J (2020) Analysis and countermeasures of inundation caused by heavy rain in Xi’an. J Xi’an Univ Technol 36:269–274. https://doi.org/10.19322/j.cnki.issn.1006-4710.2020.03.001. (in Chinese)
Hu M, Sayama T, Zhang X-Q, Tanaka K, Takara K, Yang H (2017) Evaluation of low impact development approach for mitigating flood inundation at a watershed scale in China. J Environ Manag 193:430–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.020
Huang M-M, Jin S-G (2019) A methodology for simple 2-D inundation analysis in urban area using SWMM and GIS. Nat Hazards 97:15–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03623-2
Karamouz M, Nazif S (2013) Reliability-based flood management in urban watersheds considering climate change impacts. J Water Resour Plan Manag 139:520–533. https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000345
Kirshen P, Caputo L, Vogel R, Mathisen P, Rosner A, Renaud T (2015) Adapting urban infrastructure to climate change: A drainage case study. J Water Resour Plan Manag 141:04014064. https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000443
Kong F-H, Ban Y-L, Yin H-W, James P, Dronova I (2017) Modeling stormwater management at the city district level in response to changes in land use and low impact development. Environ Model Softw 95:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.021
Li Q, Wang F, Yu Y, Huang Z-C, Li M-T, Guan Y-T (2019) Comprehensive performance evaluation of LID practices for the sponge city construction: A case study in Guangxi, China. J Environ Manag 231:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.024
Li Q-Y, Yang Y-C, Liao H-X, Liu M-Q, Liao L-P, Huang S-Q, Sun G-K, Mo C-X, Li X-G (2023) The simulation, regulation capacity assessment and coping strategy of rainstorm runoff waterlogging in Zhu pai-chong Basin of Nanning, China. J Environ Manag 332:117395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117395
Li J-K, Deng C-N, Li H-E, Ma M-H, Li Y-J (2018) Hydrological environmental responses of LID and approach for rainfall pattern selection in precipitation data-lacked region. Water Resour Manag 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1990-9
Luan B, Yin R-X, Xu P, Wang X, Yang X-M, Zhang L, Tang X-Y (2019) Evaluating Green Stormwater Infrastructure strategies efficiencies in a rapidly urbanizing catchment using SWMM-based TOPSIS. J Clean Prod 223:680–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.028
Mei C, Liu J-H, Wang H, Yang Z-Y, Ding X-Y, Shao W-W (2018) Integrated assessments of green infrastructure for flood mitigation to support robust decision-making for sponge city construction in an urbanized watershed. Sci Total Environ 639:1394–1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.199
Palla A, Gnecco I (2015) Hydrologic modeling of Low Impact Development systems at the urban catchment scale. J Hydrol 528:361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.06.050
Palla A, Gnecco I (2022) On the effectiveness of domestic rainwater harvesting systems to support urban flood resilience. Water Resour Manag 36:5897–5914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03327-6
Peng H-Q, Liu Y, Wang H-W, Ma L-M (2015) Assessment of the service performance of drainage system and transformation of pipeline network based on urban combined sewer system model. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22:15712–15721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4707-0
Rossman LA (2015) Storm water management model user’s manual version 5.1. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm-version-51-users-manual. Accessed 21 May 2023
Semadeni-Davies A, Hernebring C, Svensson G, Gustafsson LG (2008) The impacts of climate change and urbanisation on drainage in Helsingborg, Sweden: Combined sewer system. J Hydrol 350:100–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.05.028
Shin E, Kim HJ, Rhee D, Eom TY, Song C (2021) Spatiotemporal flood risk assessment of underground space considering flood intensity and escape route. Nat Hazards 109:1539–1555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04888-2
Szelag B, Chmielowski K, Dacewicz E (2018) Simulation of a storm overflow with probabilistic and hydrodynamic models. Urban Water J 15:662–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1536759
Wang KH, Altunkaynak A (2012) Comparative case study of rainfall-runoff modeling between SWMM and fuzzy logic approach. J Hydrol Eng 17:283–291. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000419
Wang N, Chu X-F (2020) Revised Horton model for event and continuous simulations of infiltration. J Hydrol 589:125215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125215
Wang X-J, Xia J-Q, Dong B-L, Hou J-M, Li Q-J (2022a) Simulation of urban flood using the SWMM with the hierarchical catchment partition method. Adv Water Sci 33:196–207. https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2022.02.004. (in Chinese)
Wang X-J, Xia J-Q, Zhou M-R, Deng S-S, Li Q-J (2022b) Assessment of the joint impact of rainfall and river water level on urban flooding in Wuhan City, China. J Hydrol 613:128419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128419
Wei H-B, Zhang L-Y, Liu J (2022) Hydrodynamic modelling and flood risk analysis of urban catchments under multiple scenarios: A case study of Dongfeng Canal district, Zhengzhou. Int J Public Health 19:14630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214630
Yang B-Y, Zhang T, Li J-Z, Feng P, Miao Y-J-J (2023) Optimal designs of LID based on LID experiments and SWMM for a small-scale community in Tianjin, north China. J Environ Manag 334:117442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117442
Yin J, Yu D-P, Yin Z, Liu M, He Q (2016) Evaluating the impact and risk of pluvial flash flood on intra-urban road network: A case study in the city center of Shanghai, China. J Hydrol 537:138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.037
Zeng Z-Q, Yuan X-H, Liang J, Li Y-H (2021) Designing and implementing an SWMM-based web service framework to provide decision support for real-time urban stormwater management. Environ Model Softw 135:104887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104887
Zhang X, Li Z-B, He W-H, Huo C-P, Shi P, Yuan S-L (2019) Simulation of flood process in the central urban area of Xi’an based on Mike Urban. J Water Resour Water Eng 30:157–163
Zhang Q-F, Wu Z-F, Zhang H, Fontana GD, Tarolli P (2020) Identifying dominant factors of waterlogging events in metropolitan coastal cities: The case study of Guangzhou, China. J Environ Manage 271:110951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110951
Zhang H, Zhang J-P, Fang H-Y, Yang F (2022a) Urban flooding response to rainstorm scenarios under different return period types. Sustain Cities Soc 87:104184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104184
Zhang Z-J, Liang J, Zhou Y-J, Huang Z-J, Jiang J, Liu J-G, Yang L-L (2022b) A multi-strategy-mode waterlogging-prediction framework for urban flood depth. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 22:4139–4165. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4139-2022
Zhao D-J, Chen L-S, Yu Y-B (2021) Monsoon surges enhance extreme rainfall by maintaining the circulation of landfalling tropical cyclones and slowing down their movement. Front Earth Sci 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.717447
Zhou Z-Z, Liu S-G, Zhong G-H, Cai Y (2017) Flood disaster and flood control measurements in Shanghai. Nat Hazards Rev 18:B5016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000213
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge funding through the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0401409), National Foreign Experts Program of China (Grant No. G2023041024L), National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Project (Grant No. 51509201), Key Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (Grant No. 21JT028). The data were obtained from http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/tjsj/tjsj/ndsj/1.html, http://tjj.shaanxi.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/tjgb/qs_444/ and http://tjj.xa.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/ gmjjhshfzgb/1.html. We sincerely appreciate the editor and two anonymous reviewers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Rengui Jiang, Simin Wang and Jiancang Xie were responsible for the overall design of the study. Simin Wang performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript. Data collection were performed by Mingxiang Yang and Yinping Wang. Simin Wang and Wen Li carried out the data processing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Marcus Schulz
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, S., Jiang, R., Yang, M. et al. Urban rainstorm and waterlogging scenario simulation based on SWMM under changing environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 123351–123367 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31027-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31027-0