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What factors cause ocean CO2? A panel data analysis

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Abstract

Over the past three decades, industrial innovations and technological advancements have changed business dynamics, adversely devastating the overall environment. As a result, our oceans have been severely affected due to climate change and global warming. To address this issue, this study investigates the factors that cause ocean CO2 using a sample of 44 countries over 2012–2021 and explores a dynamic and causal relationship between economic growth, ocean carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and control variables relating to the ocean industry. This study finds that increasing economic activity tends to increase ocean carbon emissions. The results support the evidence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis suggesting an inverted U-shaped association between ocean emissions and real income for the sample countries. Moreover, this study reports that ocean health index, maritime container transport, trade of fishery and ocean species, aquaculture production and marine species, and employment rate in the fishery processing sector are the significant factors of ocean CO2. Region-wise analyses suggest that real income positively influences ocean emissions and confirm the evidence of the EKC hypothesis in European sample countries but these relationships have an insignificant effect in Asia and the Pacific and the American regions. Furthermore, a short-run unidirectional panel causality flows from the production of aquaculture and other species to RD&D, from OHI and GDP to trade of fishery and other species, and from OHI to employment rate in the fishery sector. Likewise, bidirectional causality runs from energy consumption and maritime transport to ocean CO2 in the long term. Regarding the long-run causal association, the results determine that all of the estimated coefficients of the lagged error correction terms are statistically significant which explains that they are crucial in the adjustment process as they deviate from the long-run equilibrium.

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  1. https://oceanvisions.org/ocean-based-carbon-dioxide-removal/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain

    Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz

  2. School of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz

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  1. Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz
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Conceptualization, data curation, writing the paper, review, and editing — MZM.

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Correspondence to Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz.

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Appendix

Appendix

Table 9 Variables definition
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Table 10 Summary statistics
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Mumtaz, M.Z. What factors cause ocean CO2? A panel data analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 123111–123125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30880-3

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