Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) bioconversion system is emerging as an effective approach for organic waste pollution treatment. Co-digestion of different organic matters with BSFL can be an effective way to realize the innovative biowaste circular economy. In this study, organic waste mixture of chicken manure and sewage sludge was chosen as substrate for BSFL growth. The bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of BSFL residue were evaluated through gene sequencing and other characterizations to confirm their application potential as biofertilizers. The dominant bacteria in BSFL residue were Firmicutes (75.39%) at phylum level, Bacilli (71.61%) at class level and Pseudogracilibacillus (11.08%) at genus level. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were used to assess the harmlessness of BSFL residue. After BSFL treatment, 36.2% decrease in ARGs was observed. Taking nutrients quality into consideration, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved nitrogen, available phosphorous, and available potassium significantly increased in the co-digestion system. These results demonstrated that co-digestion of chicken manure and excess sludge in BSFL bioconversion system could improve the nutrients quality of residues. However, removal of ARGs in the bioconversion process should be further explored to eliminate environmental concerns associated with application of BSFL residue as biofertilizers.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
Ao T, Chen L, Chen Y et al (2021) The screening of early warning indicators and microbial community of chicken manure thermophilic digestion at high organic loading rate. Energy 224:120201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120201
Awasthi MK, Awasthi SK, Wang Q et al (2018a) Influence of biochar on volatile fatty acids accumulation and microbial community succession during biosolids composting. Bioresour Technol 251:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.037
Awasthi MK, Chen H, Wang Q et al (2018b) Succession of bacteria diversity in the poultry manure composted mixed with clay: studies upon its dynamics and associations with physicochemical and gaseous parameters. Bioresour Technol 267:618–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.094
Beesigamukama D, Mochoge B, Korir NK et al (2020) Biochar and gypsum amendment of agro-industrial waste for enhanced black soldier fly larval biomass and quality frass fertilizer. PLoS One 15:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238154
Centner TJ (2016) Efforts to slacken antibiotic resistance: labeling meat products from animals raised without antibiotics in the United States. Sci Total Environ 563–564:1088–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.082
Cerda A, Artola A, Font X et al (2018) Composting of food wastes: status and challenges. Bioresour Technol 248:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.133
Chen J, Hou D, Pang W et al (2019) Effect of moisture content on greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions from pig manure converted by black soldier fly. Sci Total Environ 697:133840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133840
Chen J, Tao J, Zhang H, Gu W (2022) Effects of residue types and plastic mulch on earthworm aporrectodea trapezoides (Duges, 1828) within mesocosms at a salt-affected soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci 00:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2022.2052050
Čičková H, Newton GL, Lacy RC, Kozánek M (2015) The use of fly larvae for organic waste treatment. Waste Manag 35:68–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.026
De Smet J, Wynants E, Cos P, Van Campenhout L (2018) Microbial community dynamics during rearing of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) and impact on exploitation potential. Appl Environ Microbiol 84:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02722-17
Gärttling D, Kirchner SM, Schulz H (2020) Assessment of the N- and P-Fertilization effect of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) by-products on maize. J Insect Sci 20:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa089
Giridhar PV, Chandra TS (2021) Xylanase production by halophilic bacterium Gracilibacillus sp. TSCPVG under solid state fermentation. Res. J Biotechnol 16:92–100. https://doi.org/10.25303/167rjbt9221
Hou Y, Velthof GL, Lesschen JP et al (2017) Nutrient recovery and emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane from animal manure in europe: effects of manure treatment technologies. Environ Sci Technol 51:375–383. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04524
Kooienga EM, Baugher C, Currin M et al (2020) Effects of bacterial supplementation on black soldier fly growth and development at benchtop and industrial scale. Front Microbiol 11:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.587979
Laganaro M, Bahrndorff S, Eriksen NT (2021) Growth and metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae grown on low and high-quality substrates. Waste Manag 121:198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.12.009
Lalander C, Nordberg Å, Vinnerås B (2018) A comparison in product-value potential in four treatment strategies for food waste and faeces – assessing composting, fly larvae composting and anaerobic digestion. GCB Bioenergy 10:84–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12470
Li H, Li J, Wan Q et al (2021) Bioremediation mechanism of Monensin contaminated chicken manure by a combination of housefly larvae and Stenotrophomonas sp. DM-2. Environ Technol Innov 21:101269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101269
Liu C, Wang C, Yao H, Chapman SJ (2021) Pretreatment is an important method for increasing the conversion efficiency of rice straw by black soldier fly larvae based on the function of gut microorganisms. Sci Total Environ 762:144118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144118
Liu C, Yao H, Chapman SJ et al (2020a) Changes in gut bacterial communities and the incidence of antibiotic resistance genes during degradation of antibiotics by black soldier fly larvae. Environ Int 142:105834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105834
Liu T, Awasthi MK, Awasthi SK et al (2020b) Effects of black soldier fly larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on food waste and sewage sludge composting. J Environ Manage 256:109967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109967
Liu T, Klammsteiner T, Dregulo AM et al (2022) Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: a review. Sci Total Environ 833:155122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122
Mertenat A, Diener S, Zurbrügg C (2019) Black soldier fly biowaste treatment – assessment of global warming potential. Waste Manag 84:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.040
Nie H, Jacobi HF, Strach K et al (2015) Mono-fermentation of chicken manure: ammonia inhibition and recirculation of the digestate. Bioresour Technol 178:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.029
Niu SH, Liu S, Deng WK et al (2022) A sustainable and economic strategy to reduce risk antibiotic resistance genes during poultry manure bioconversion by black soldier fly Hermetia illucens larvae: larval density adjustment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 232:113294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113294
Oteri M, Di Rosa AR, Lo Presti V et al (2021) Black soldier fly larvae meal as alternative to fish meal for aquaculture feed. Sustain 13:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105447
Salomone R, Saija G, Mondello G et al (2017) Environmental impact of food waste bioconversion by insects: application of Life Cycle Assessment to process using Hermetia illucens. J Clean Prod 140:890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.154
Santos C, Goufo P, Fonseca J et al (2018) Effect of lignocellulosic and phenolic compounds on ammonia, nitric oxide and greenhouse gas emissions during composting. J Clean Prod 171:548–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.050
Shen Z, Xue C, Penton CR et al (2019) Suppression of banana Panama disease induced by soil microbiome reconstruction through an integrated agricultural strategy. Soil Biol Biochem 128:164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.10.016
Tang J, Wang M, Zhou Q, Nagata S (2011) Improved composting of Undaria pinnatifida seaweed by inoculation with Halomonas and Gracilibacillus sp. isolated from marine environments. Bioresour Technol 102:2925–2930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.064
Wang K, Li X, He C et al (2014) Transformation of dissolved organic matters in swine, cow and chicken manures during composting. Bioresour Technol 168:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.129
Wang Q, Ren X, Sun Y et al (2021) Improvement of the composition and humification of different animal manures by black soldier fly bioconversion. J Clean Prod 278:123397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123397
Wang WK, Liang CM (2021) Enhancing the compost maturation of swine manure and rice straw by applying bioaugmentation. Sci Rep 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85615-6
Waqas M, Nizami AS, Aburiazaiza AS et al (2019) Untapped potential of zeolites in optimization of food waste composting. J Environ Manage 241:99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.014
Xiao X, Mazza L, Yu Y et al (2018) Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria. J Environ Manage 217:668–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.122
Xie L, Gou L, Wang Y, Dai L (2022) Co-hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride for the production of high-quality solid fuel with low nitrogen content. Sci Total Environ 804:150094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150094
Zainab SM, Junaid M, Xu N, Malik RN (2020) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in groundwater: a global review on dissemination, sources, interactions, environmental and human health risks. Water Res 187:116455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116455
Zhang X, Zhang J, Jiang L et al (2021) Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae significantly change the microbial community in chicken manure. Curr Microbiol 78:303–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02276-w
Zhang YJ, Hu HW, Chen QL et al (2019) Transfer of antibiotic resistance from manure-amended soils to vegetable microbiomes. Environ Int 130:104912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104912
Zhao Z, Yu C, Yang C et al (2023) Mitigation of antibiotic resistome in swine manure by black soldier fly larval conversion combined with composting. Sci Total Environ 879:163065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163065
Zhineng Y, Ying M, Bingjie T, et al (2021) Intestinal microbiota and functional characteristics of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Ann Microbiol 71:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13213-021-01626-8
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant Nos. 42272211), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20210946), Funding for school-level research projects of Yancheng Institute of Technology (No. xjr2021051), and “Qing Lan Project” of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
FW: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, data curation, visualization. QZ: methodology, validation. LZ: investigation, data curation. JC: conception, writing—review and editing. TW: visualization. LQ: formal analysis. LZ: validation. CD: supervision. YY: resources. ZQ: project administration. TC: supervision, funding acquisition, resources, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
There are no ethical issues involved in the thesis.
Consent to participate
All authors agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Consent for publication
All authors have agreed to publish this article.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Diane Purchase
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F., Zhao, Q., Zhang, L. et al. Co-digestion of chicken manure and sewage sludge in black soldier fly larvae bioconversion system: bacterial biodiversity and nutrients quality of residues for biofertilizer application. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 119804–119813 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30717-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30717-z