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A review on adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater using carbon nanotube and graphene-based nanomaterials

  • Review Article
  • Published:
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Abstract

The rampant rise in world population, industrialization, and urbanization expedite the contamination of water sources. The presence of the non-biodegradable character of heavy metals in waterways badly affects the ecological balance. In this modern era, the unavailability of getting clear water as well as the downturn in water quality is a major concern. Therefore, the effective removal of heavy metals has become much more important than before. In recent years, the attention to better wastewater remediation was directed towards adsorption techniques with novel adsorbents such as carbon nanomaterials. This review paper primarily emphasizes the fundamental concepts, structures, and unique surface properties of novel adsorbents, the harmful effects of various heavy metals, and the adsorption mechanism. This review will give an insight into the current status of research in the realm of sustainable wastewater treatment, applications of carbon nanomaterials, different types of functionalized carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and their adsorption capacity. The importance of MD simulations and density functional theory (DFT) in the elimination of heavy metals from aqueous media is also discussed. In addition to that, the effect of factors on heavy metal adsorption such as electric field and pressure is addressed.

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Data Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

Pb :

lead

As :

arsenic

Cd :

cadmium

Hg :

mercury

Cr :

chromium

Zn :

zinc

Ni :

nickel

Cu :

copper

MCL :

maximum contamination level

Fe :

iron

Mn :

manganese

Se :

selenium

Ag :

silver

Al :

aluminum

Co :

cobalt

Tl :

thallium

Sr :

strontium

Ba :

barium

Ti :

titanium

Cs :

cesium

CNMs :

carbon nanomaterials

CNTs :

carbon nanotubes

GRA :

graphene

GO :

graphene oxide

C 60 :

fullerene

SWCNTs :

single-walled carbon nanotubes

MWCNTs :

multi-walled carbon nanotubes

BC :

biochar

AC :

activated carbon

RGO :

reduced grapheme oxide

Na :

sodium

As(V) :

arsenate

As(III) :

arsenite

D :

dimensional

BP :

bucky paper

MVT :

multivariate

MOF :

metal-organic framework

SO 4 2− :

sulfate

PS :

polysulfone

MSWCNTs :

magnetite single walled carbon nanotubes

CoS :

cobalt sulfide

Sb(III) :

trivalent antimony

Sb(V) :

pentavalent antimony

SS :

steel slag

C :

concentration

K-40 :

Potassium-40

Th-232 :

Thorium-232

U-238 :

Uranium-238

DES :

deep eutectic solvent

M−rGO :

montmorillonite reduced graphene oxide aerogel

CaO :

calcium oxide

Si :

silica

ZnO :

zinc oxide

Fe 3 O 4 :

iron oxide

PRGO :

partially reduced graphene oxide

WSCC :

water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan

-COOH :

carboxyl

-OH :

hydroxyl

HNT-G2 :

hydroxyl-terminated triazine-based dendritic polymer/halloysite nanotube

TCE :

trichloroethylene

Al 2 O 3 :

aluminum oxide

H + :

hydrogen ions

EDA :

ethylenediamine

SPES :

sulfonated polyether sulfone

PES :

polyethersulfone

PPy :

polypyrrole

o-MWCNT :

oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

e-MWCNT :

ethylenediamine multi-walled carbon nanotubes

d-MWCNT :

di ethylenetriamine multi-walled carbon nanotubes

t-MWCNT :

tri ethylenetetramine multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Au :

Gold

PIDA :

phenyl-iminodiacetic acid

CNT-g-p(MAA-co-MEAA) :

poly((sodium methacrylate)-co-2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate)

MoS 2 :

molybdenum sulfide

SiO 2 :

silicon dioxide

PSF :

polysulfone

PAN :

polyacrylonitrile

PdO :

palladium oxide

IL :

ionic liquid

DTC :

dithiocarbamate

PVA :

poly vinyl alcohol

DTPA :

diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid

HGP :

GRA hydrogel

TSGO :

thiosemicarbazide graphene oxide

HPA :

hyperbranched polyamine

PAM :

polyacrylamide

DAP :

2,6-diamino pyridine

EDTA :

ethylenediamine triacetic acid

PF6 :

potassium hexa fluoro phosphate

MCS :

magnetic chitosan

UF :

ultrafiltration

SPG :

sodium alginate polyvinyl alcohol graphene oxide

SA :

sodium alginate

PD :

polydopamine

-CONH- :

amino

-CH 2 NH 2 :

amino

-CON 3 :

azide

HSAB :

hard and soft acids and bases

I :

iodide

OX :

oxidized

S :

sulfur

TBAB :

tetra-N-butyl ammonium bromide

-C=O :

carbonyl

CS :

chitosan

TAA :

tris (2-aminoethyl) amine

ttpy :

4′-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine

N 2 H 4 :

hydrazine

-SH :

thiol, sulfhydryl

HPEI :

hyperbranched polyethyleneimine

PES :

poly ether sulfone

MD :

molecular dynamics

-CONH 2 :

amide

MSD :

mean square displacement

-COO − :

carboxyl

g(r) :

radial distribution function or RDF

-C=O :

carbonyl

-COC- :

epoxy

MnO 2 :

manganese oxide

SPGM4 :

sulfonated polyethersulfone graphene oxide/manganese dioxide ultrafiltration membranes

GO@UiO-66-NH 2 :

graphene oxide-amino-modified zirconium-based metal-organic framework composites

UiO-66-NH 2 :

amino-modified zirconium-based metal-organic framework

EDAGO :

ethylenediamine graphene oxide

-NH 2 :

amino

APTES :

3-aminopropyl tri ethoxy silane

M :

melamine

MEA :

mono ethanol amine

MGO :

magnetic graphene oxide

PAMAMs :

poly amido amine dendrimers

HMDA :

hexa methylene diamine

Bio-GM :

biomaterial functionalized graphene-magnetite

Zr :

zirconium

P :

phosphate

RGOS :

reduced graphene oxide grafted by 4-sulfophenylazo Groups

NO 3 − :

nitrate

PGNMs :

porous graphene nanomembranes

BNNS :

boron nitride

PMF :

potential mean force

NPG :

nanoporous graphene membrane

N :

nitrogen

F :

fluorine

PW :

plane wave

DFT :

density functional theory

PAO :

poly amidoxime

U(VI) :

uranium

GDF :

gravity-driven filtration

FeOOH :

ferric oxy hydroxide

FCNTs :

fluorinated carbon nanotubes

PCNT :

pristine carbon nanotubes

PANI :

polyaniline

NaCl :

sodium chloride

Am(III) :

americium

Eu(III) :

europium

DGA :

diglycolamic acid

HgCl 2 :

mercury chloride

EISM :

electric field–accelerated ion-sieve membrane

∆ G ext :

free energy of extraction

E HOMO :

energy of highest occupied molecular orbital

E LUMO :

energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

AA :

amidoamine

∆E :

interaction energy

∆H :

enthalpy

∆S :

entropy

∆G :

Gibbs free energy

∆N :

amount of charge transfer

∆G (gp) :

Gibbs free energy in gas phase

∆G sol :

Gibbs free energy in solvent phase

Cl − :

chloride

MgCl 2 :

magnesium chloride

FeCl 3 :

iron chloride

K + :

potassium

R :

binding energy distance

ZnOH :

zinc hydroxide

ΔE bind :

binding energy

Q :

charge

Q CT :

charge transfer

E ads :

adsorption energy

ΔH ads :

adsorption

ΔS ads :

entropy of adsorption

ΔG ads :

free energy of adsorption

T :

temperature

ICP-MS :

inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

AAS :

atomic absorption spectroscopy

AMBER :

assisted model building with energy refinement

CHARMM :

chemistry at Harvard molecular mechanics

OPLS-AA :

optimized potentials for liquid simulations all atom

RDF :

radial distribution function

DOS :

density of states

GQDs :

graphene quantum dots

M-HBAP :

magnetic hydrochar composite

WSHyC :

wheat straw hydrochar

MHC-S 4 :

sulfide-modified magnetic hydrochar

CFHC :

cation functionalized bamboo hydrochar

HC :

corn straw-converted hydrochar

H 3 PO 4 -HC :

hydrochar modified with H3PO4

PEI-HC :

hydrochar modified with polyethyleneimine

alkali-PEI-HC :

polyethyleneimine-modified straw hydrochar

AHTC-PL :

activated hydrochar from palm leaves

MgSi-HC :

hybrid silicate-hydrochar composite

MFBC :

multifunctional biochar

DTHC :

dithiocarbamate-modified hydrochar

DMB :

discarded mushroom-stick biochar

AMBC :

amino-grafted-modified biochar

PEI-AC :

polyethylenimine-modified activated carbon

MOLBC :

manganese oxide nanoparticles loaded biochar

MnO x :

manganese oxide

MCM-48 :

mobil composite material no.48

FNH :

fluorescent nanocellulose hydrogel

APTMs :

aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

TO-NFC :

TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose

NC :

nanocellulose

CNFs :

cellulose nanofibers

PANI-NC :

polyaniline-impregnated nanocellulose

NCNB :

nanobentonite incorporated nanocellulose/chitosan aerogel

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Acknowledgements

Vellore Institute of Technology is gratefully acknowledged for providing the opportunity to prepare for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Process Simulation Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    Drisya G. Chandran, Loganathan Muruganandam & Rima Biswas

Authors
  1. Drisya G. Chandran
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  2. Loganathan Muruganandam
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  3. Rima Biswas
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Contributions

Conceptualization, supervision, draft preparation, review, and editing were done by RB; draft preparation and writing were done by DGC; review and editing were done by LM.

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Correspondence to Rima Biswas.

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Chandran, .G., Muruganandam, L. & Biswas, R. A review on adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater using carbon nanotube and graphene-based nanomaterials. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 110010–110046 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30192-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30192-6

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