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Simultaneous removal of four aflatoxins using magnetic nanobentonite as a green and fast sorbent: kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm investigation

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Abstract

In the study, an adsorptive removal strategy as a straightforward and fast procedure was developed to remove four aflatoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AF-B1), aflatoxin B2 (AF-B2), aflatoxin G1 (AF-G1), and aflatoxin G2 (AF-G2). A simple and green sorbent consisting of two components (activated nanobentonite and Fe3O4 nanoparticles) was synthesized based on three steps using acidic treatment, ultrasonic procedure, and chemical precipitation method. The sorbent was characterized by several techniques such as FTIR, FESEM, TEM, XRD, and VSM to determine the sorbent structure and morphology. An experimental design based on a central composite design was utilized to optimize factors in the removal of AFs. The optimum values of the factors (pH, sorbent amount, shaking rate) were 6.8, 0.076 g, and 160 rpm, respectively. Three models, including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models, were used to investigate the kinetics of the removal process. The removal of AFs using magnetic nanobentonite was fitted with the pseudo-second-order model better than other models with an equilibrium time lower than 30 min. The thermodynamic data show that the adsorption of AFs on the sorbent is a spontaneous and feasible process due to negative values of the Gibbs-free energy change (ΔG) at different temperatures. Two models (Langmuir and Freundlich models) were chosen to study the isotherm of the removal procedure, indicating that the Freundlich model describes the results better than the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the sorbent for removing AF-B1, AF-B2, AF-G1, and AF-G2 is 357.14, 400.0, 370.37, and 400.0 mg g−1, respectively. The sorbent reusability was also evaluated to study the sorbent’s ability for the removal of AFs, indicating that the sorbent was used for 5 cycles without a significant reduction in the ability to remove AFs.

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Funding

This research was funded by Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad under the grant number of 56299.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Marjan Shahinfar, Naser Hafezi Moghaddas & Gholam Reza Lashkaripour

  2. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Amir Fotovat

Authors
  1. Marjan Shahinfar
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  2. Naser Hafezi Moghaddas
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  3. Gholam Reza Lashkaripour
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  4. Amir Fotovat
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Marjan Shahinfar, Naser Hafezi Moghaddas, Gholam Reza Lashkaripour, and Amir Fotovat. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Marjan Shahinfar, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. The authors further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.

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Correspondence to Marjan Shahinfar.

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Shahinfar, M., Moghaddas, N.H., Lashkaripour, G.R. et al. Simultaneous removal of four aflatoxins using magnetic nanobentonite as a green and fast sorbent: kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm investigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 110515–110527 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29963-y

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