Abstract
Prevailing dry conditions and rainfall deficit during the spring season in North India led to heat wave conditions which resulted in widespread and intense forest fire events in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand during April 16–30, 2022. A total of 7589 active fires were detected by VIIRS during the second half of April 2022 compared to 1558 during the first half. The TROPOMI observed total column values of CO and NO2 increased by 4.4% and 11.7%, respectively during April 16–30, 2022 with respect to April 1–15, 2022. A noticeable increase in surface level concentration of trace gases was also observed at Dehradun. In situ measurements of CO, NOx, and O3 during April 16–30, 2022 show an increase of 133, 35, and 6% compared to previous year observations during the same period. Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF-Chem) is utilized to quantitatively estimate the contribution of this event on the distribution of air pollutants over this state. The model results were evaluated against ERA5 reanalysis, upper air soundings, and TROPOMI-retrieved total column density (TCD) of CO, NO2, and O3. Two simulations with (Fire) and without (NoFire) biomass burning emissions input were performed to quantify the contribution of forest fires to the concentration of trace gases and particulates. The CO, NO2, and O3 emitted/produced from forest fire over Uttarakhand during April 2022 contributed approximately 39.95, 35.73, and 9.97% to the surface concentration of respective gas. In the case of aerosols, it was around 71.20, 71.44, and 33.62% for PM2.5, PM10, and BC respectively. The vertical profile analysis of pollutants revealed that extreme forest fire events can perturb the distribution of air pollutants from the surface up to 450 hPa.
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Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the WRF-Chem model development team for providing this model as an open source for research work. We acknowledge the use of the WRF-Chem preprocessor tools provided by the Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Lab (ACOM) of NCAR. We are also thankful to ECMWF for ERA5 reanalysis data, NASA FIRMS for active fire data, WACCM and NCEP FNL for chemical and meteorological initial and lateral boundary conditions, University of Wyoming, NOAA CDR and Sentinel-5P TROPOMI for their respective datasets. We thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. Their suggestions greatly improved the final version of this manuscript.
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This study was funded by ISRO Climate and Atmospheric Programme (LI Code E3Z1707TF101).
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Shuchita Srivastava and Abhinav Sharma made substantial contribution for the conception and design of the work. Satellite and radiosonde data collection, WRF-Chem model run, and data analysis were performed by Abhinav Sharma. In situ data collection and analysis were performed by Shuchita Srivastava. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Abhinav Sharma. Shuchita Srivastava, Debashish Mitra, and Raghavendra Pratap Singh substantially revised the previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sharma, A., Srivastava, S., Mitra, D. et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of air pollutants during a heat wave–induced forest fire event in Uttarakhand. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 110133–110160 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29906-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29906-7