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Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the atmosphere that have drawn intense attention due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In this work, 1424 air samples were collected between January 2016 and December 2021 in three areas of Shenzhen, China to determine the concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs and their spatiotemporal variation. Human health risks due to the daily intake and uptake of PAHs and the resulting incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) were also evaluated. PAHs were detected frequently in the samples at concentrations between 0.28 and 32.7 ng/m3 (median: 1.04 ng/m3). PM2.5 and PAH concentrations decreased from 2016 to 2021, and the Yantian area had lower median concentrations of PM2.5 (23.0 μg/m3) and PAHs (0.02 ng/m3) than the Longgang and Nanshan areas. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that petroleum combustion was the dominant source of airborne PAHs in Shenzhen. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and uptake (EDU) of PAHs by local residents decreased gradually with increasing age, indicating that infants are at particular risk of PAH exposure. However, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) were below the threshold value of 10–6, indicating that inhalation exposure to PAHs posed a negligible carcinogenic risk to Shenzhen residents. While promising, these results may underestimate actual PAH exposure levels, so further analysis of health risks due to PAHs in Shenzhen is needed.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42077385, 42277424), and the Shenzhen Municipal Government Research Projects (No. JCYJ20210324141815040).

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  1. Jinfeng Fu, Jiajia Ji and Lan Luo are contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China

    Jinfeng Fu, Xiaoxin Zhuang, Ying Ma, Qilan Wen, Yue Zhu, Jiaojiao Ma, Jiayin Huang, Duo Zhang & Shaoyou Lu

  2. Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Jiajia Ji

  3. Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518054, China

    Lan Luo & Xiaoheng Li

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  1. Jinfeng Fu
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Contributions

Jinfeng Fu shared efforts in investigation, data analysis, and writing; Jiajia Ji shared efforts in investigation, data analysis, and writing; Lan Luo shared efforts in writing (reviewing and editing); Xiaoheng Li shared efforts in investigation; Xiaoxin Zhuang shared efforts in investigation; Ying Ma shared efforts in investigation; Qilan Wen shared efforts in investigation; Yue Zhu shared efforts in investigation; Jiajia Ma shared efforts in data analysis; Jiayin Huang shared efforts in data analysis; Duo Zhang shared efforts in data analysis, Shaoyou Lu super-vised statistical analysis and revised the manuscript.

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Fu, J., Ji, J., Luo, L. et al. Temporal and spatial distributions, source identification, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from 2016 to 2021 in Shenzhen, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 103788–103800 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29686-0

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