Abstract
The use of remediated soils as end-of-life materials raises some challenges including policy and regulation, permits and specifications, technological limitations, knowledge and information, costs, as well as quality and performance associated with using them. Therefore, a set of procedures must be followed to preserve the quality and fundamental properties of soil during a remediation process. This study presented a comprehensive review regarding the fundamental impacts of thermal desorption (TD) and soil washing (SW) on soil characteristics. The effects of main operating parameters of TD and SW on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil were systematically reviewed. In TD, temperature has a more remarkable effect on physic-chemical and biological characteristics of soil than heating time. Therefore, decrease in temperature within a suitable range prevents unreversible changes on soil properties. In SW, more attention should be paid to extraction process of contaminants from soil particles. Using the right dosage and type of chelating agents, surfactants, solvents, and other additives can help to avoid problems with recovery or treatment using conventional methods. In addition, this review introduced a framework for implementing sustainable remediation approaches based on a holistic approach to best management practices (BMPs), which, besides reducing the risks associated with different pollutants, might provide new horizons for decreasing the unfavourable impacts of TD and SW on soil.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abu-Hamdeh NH, Reeder RC (2000) Soil thermal conductivity: effects of density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1285e1290. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6441285x
Acea MJ, Carballas T (1999) Microbial fluctuations after soil heating and organic amendment. Bioresour Technol 67:65e71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00068-1
Ambaye TG, Chebbi A, Formicola F, Prasad S, Gomez FH, Franzetti A, Vaccari M (2022) Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons and its reuse for agriculture: recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere 293:133572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572
Anning AK, Akoto R (2018) Assisted phytoremediation of havy metal contaminated soil from a mined site with Typha latifolia and Chrysopogon zizanioides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 148:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.014
Baars AJ, Theelen RMC, PJCM J, Hesse JM, Van Apeldoorn ME, MCM M, Verdam L, Zeilmaker MJ (2001) Re-evaluation of human-toxicological maximum permissible risks levels. Dutch Natl Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Report 711701025, Bilthoven (NL)
Badia D, Marti C (2003) Plant ash and heat intensity effects on chemical and physical properties of two contrasting soils. Arid Land Res Manag 17:23e41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980301595
Begum ZA, Rahman IMM, Tate Y, Sawai H, Maki T, Hasegawa H (2012) Remediation of toxic metal contaminated soil by washing with biodegradable aminopolycarboxylate chelants. Chemosphere 87(10):1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.032
Beiyuan J, Li JS, Tsang DCW, Wang L, Poon CS, Li XD, Fendorf S (2017) Fate of arsenic before and after chemical-enhanced washing of an arsenic-containing soil in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 599–600:679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.208
Bone J, Head M, Barraclough D, Archer M, Scheib C, Flight D, Voulvoulis N (2010) Soil quality assessment under emerging regulatory requirements. Environ Int 36:609–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.010
Bonnard M, Devin S, Leyval C, Morel JL, Vasseur P (2010) The influence of thermal desorption on genotoxicity of multipolluted soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:955–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.02.023
Borchardt G (1989) Smectites. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, SSSA Book Ser, vol. 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, p 675e727. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c14
Bulmau C, Marculescu C, Lu S, Qi Z (2014) Analysis of thermal processing applied to contaminated soil for organic pollutants removal. J Geochem Explor 147:298e305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.08.005
Catolico N, Ge SM, McCartney JS (2016) Numerical modeling of a soil-borehole thermal energy storage system. Vadose Zone J 15. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.05.0078
Cébron A, Beguiristain T, Faure P, Norini MP, Masfaraud JF, Leyval C (2009) Influence of vegetation on the in situ bacterial community and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degraders in aged PAH-contaminated or thermal-desorption-treated soil Appl. Environ Microbiol 75:6322–6330. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02862-08
Certinini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143:1e10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1788-8
Chae Y, Cui R, Kim SW, An G, Jeong SW (2017) Exoenzyme activity in contaminated soils, before and after soil washing: glucosidase activity as a biological indicator of soil health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 135:368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.007
Chen L, Song WL, Lv J, Wang L, Xie CS (2009) Effect of heating rates on TG-DTA results of aluminium nanopowders prepared by laser heating evaporation. J Therm Anal Calorim 96:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9374-7
Collivignarelli C, Vaccari M (2004) Treatment of lead and cadmium contaminated soils: a comparative study about solidification/stabilization, chemical extraction and phytoextraction processes. Proceedings of the ISWA World Environment Congress and Exhibition, Rome
Collivignarelli C, Vaccari M (2008) Applicability of chelating agents for chemical and phyto-extraction of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Proceedings of Consoil, 10th International UFZ-Deltares/TNO Conference on Soil-Water Systems, Milan
Crane RA, Sapsford DJ (2018) Towards greener lixiviants in value recovery from mine wastes: Efficacy of organic acids for the dissolution of copper and arsenic from legacy mine tailings. Minerals 8(9):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8090383
Crettaz P, Pennington D, Rhomberg L, Brand K, Jolliet O (2002) Assessing human health response in life cycle assessment using ED10s and DALYs, part 1: Cancer effects. Risk Anal 22:931–945
Cundy A, Bardos R, Church A, Puschenreiter M, Friesl-Hanl W, Müller I, Neu S, Mench M, Witters N, Vangronsveld J (2013) Developing principles of sustainability and stakeholder engagement for ‘gentle’ remediation approaches: the European context. J Environ Manag 129:283–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.07.032
Dardouri S, Sghaier J (2018) Adsorption characteristics of layered soil as delay barrier of some organic contaminants: experimental and numerical modeling. Environ Model Softw 110:95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.09.003
Ding D, Song X, Wei C, LaChance J (2019) A review on the sustainability of thermal treatment for contaminated soils. Environ Pollut 253:449–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.118
Directive (2008) Directive 2008/98/EC of The European Parliament And of The Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives. Off J Eur Union L312:3–30
Dixon JB (1989) Kaolin and serpentine group minerals. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, SSSA Book Ser, vol 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, p 467e525. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c10
Do Nascimento CWA, Amarasiriwardena D, Xing B (2006) Comparison of natural organic acids and synthetic chelates at enhancing phytoextraction of metals from a multi-metal contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 140(1):114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.017
EC—European Commission (2019) The European Green Deal—COM (2019) 640 Final. Brussels, Belgium, European Commission, pp 1–24
EC—European Commission (2021) Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All EU Action Plan: “Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil”—COM (2021) 400 Final. Brussels, Belgium, European Commission, pp 1–22
Ellis DE, Hadley PW (2009) Sustainable remediation white paper – integrating sustainable principles, practices, and metrics into remediation projects. Remediat J 19:5–114
EPA 542-F-09-004 (2009) Green remediation: best management practices for site investigation. EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
EPA 542-F-12-020 (2012) A citizen’s guide to thermal desorption. EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
EPA 542-F-96-006 (1996) Citizen’s guide to in situ soil flushing. EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, US
EPA 542-R-08-002 (2008) Green remediation: incorporating sustainable environmental practices into remediation of contaminated sites. EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
Fanning DS, Keramidas VZ, El-Desoky MA (1989) Micas. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, SSSA Book Ser, vol 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, p 551e634. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser1.2ed.c12
FAO (2015a) Revised World Soil Charter, Rome https://www.fao.org/3/i4965e/i4965e.pdf
FAO (2015b) State of the world’s soil resources: main report. https://www.fao.org/3/i5199e/I5199E.pdf
FAO and UNEP (2021) Global assessment of soil pollution: report, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4894en
Fayiga AO, Saha UK (2016) Soil pollution at outdoor shooting ranges: health effects, bioavailability and best management practices. Environ Pollut 216:135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.062
Feng W, Zhang S, Zhong Q, Wang G, Pan X, Xu X, Zhou W, Li T, Luo L, Zhang Y (2020) Soil washing remediation of heavy metal from contaminated soil with EDTMP and PAA: properties, optimization, and risk assessment. J Hazard Mater 381:120997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120997
Ferdos F, Rosen L (2013) Quantitative environmental footprints and sustainability evaluation of contaminated land remediation alternatives for two case studies. Remediat J 24(1):77e98
Gabarrón M, Faz A, Martínez-Martínez S, Acosta JA (2018) Change in metals and arsenic distribution in soil and their bioavailability beside old tailing ponds. J Environ Manag 212:292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.010
Galang MA, Markewitz D, Morris LA (2010) Soil phosphorus transformations under forest burning and laboratory heat treatments. Geoderma 155:401e408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.026
Gan X, Teng Y, Ren W, Ma J, Christie P, Luo Y (2017) Optimization of ex-situ washing removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a contaminated soil using nano-sulfonated graphene. Pedosphere 27(3):527–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60348-5
Gao YF, Yang H, Zhan XH, Zhou LX (2013) Scavenging of BHCs and DDTs from soil by thermal desorption and solvent washing. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:v1482e1492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0991-0
Giacomino A, Malandrino M, Abollino O, Velayutham M, Chinnathangavel T, Mentasti E (2010) An approach for arsenic in a contaminated soil: speciation, fractionation, extraction and effluent decontamination. Environ Pollut 158(2):416–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.010
Glass DW, Johnson DW, Blank RR, Miller WW (2008) Factors affecting mineral nitrogen transformations by soil heating: a laboratory-simulated fire study. Soil Sci 173:387e400. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e318178e6dd
Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Lestan D (2020) Soil washing with biodegradable chelating agents and EDTA: technological feasibility, remediation efficiency and environmental sustainability. Chemosphere 257:127226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127226
González-Pérez JA, González-Vila FJ, Almendros G, Knicker H (2004) The effect of fire on soil organic matter—a review. Environ Int 30(6):855–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.003
GSR-1 (2011) Green and sustainable remediation: state of the science and practice. ITRC—Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Washington, DC, USA
Guo X, Zhao G, Zhang G, He Q, Wei Z, Zheng W, Qian T, Wu Q (2018) Effect of mixed chelators of EDTA, GLDA, and citric acid on bioavailability of residual heavy metals in soils and soil properties. Chemosphere 209:776–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.144
Han KW, Shin HM (2008) Fractionation and the removal of arsenic contaminated soils around Dalchn mine using soil washing process. J Environ Sci 17:185–193. https://doi.org/10.5322/JES.2008.17.2.185
Hauser L, Tandy S, Schulin R, Nowack B (2005) Column extraction of heavy metals from soils using the biodegradable chelating agent EDDS. Environ Sci Technol 39:6819–6824. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050143r
He YL, Zhang Q, Xu DP, Ma FJ, Li FS, Gu QB (2014) Thermal desorption of mercury from contaminated soil with the addition of FeCl3 as enhancement. Res Environ Sci 27(9):1074e1079
Holland KS (2011) A framework for sustainable remediation. Environ Sci Technol 45:7116–7117. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202595w
Hou D, O’Connor D (2020) Green and sustainable remediation: concepts, principles, and pertaining research. In: Hou D (ed) Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817982-6.00001-X
Hou D, Song Y, Zhang J, Hou M, O’connor D, Harclerode M (2018) Climate change mitigation potential of contaminated land redevelopment: a city-level assessment method. J Clean Prod 171:1396–1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.071
Hu P, Yang B, Dong C, Chen L, Gao X, Zhao J, Wu L, Luo Y, Christie P (2014) Assessment of EDTA heap leaching of an agricultural soil highly contaminated with heavy metals. Chemosphere 117:532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.081
Huang Y, Hseu Z, His H (2011) Influences of thermal decontamination on mercury removal, soil properties, and repartitioning of coexisting heavy metals. Chemosphere 84:1244e1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.015
Idowu IA, Atherton W, Hashim K, Kot P, Alkhaddar R, Alo BI, Shaw A (2019) An analyses of the status of landfill classification systems in developing countries: Sub Saharan Africa landfill experiences. Waste Manag 87:761–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.011
Im J, Yang K, Jho EH, Nam K (2015) Effect of different soil washing solutions on bioavailability of residual arsenic in soils and soil properties. Chemosphere 138:253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.004
Jackson RB, Le Quéré C, Andrew RM, Canadell JG, Peters GP, Roy J, Wu L (2017) Warning signs for stabilizing global CO2 emissions. Environ Res Lett 12:110202. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9662
Jiang D, Zeng G, Huang D, Chen M, Zhang C, Huang C, Wan J (2018) Remediation of contaminated soils by enhanced nanoscale zero valent iron. Environ Res 163:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.030
JRC (2008) Scientific and technical report; end of waste criteria. Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, European Commission
JRC (2009) Final Report; end of waste criteria. Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies, European Commission
JRC (2010) Scientific and technical report; end-of-waste criteria for aluminium and aluminium alloy scrap. Technical proposals Lenka Muchová and Peter Eder
Kaurin A, Gluhar S, Tilikj N, Lestan D (2020) Soil washing with biodegradable chelating agents and EDTA: effect on soil properties and plant growth. Chemosphere 260:127673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127673
Ketterings QM, Bigham JM, Laperche V (2000) Changes in soil mineralogy and texture caused by slash-and-burn fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1108e1117. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6431108x
Khan MAA, Qadir Z, Asad M, Kouzani AZ, Parvez Mahmud MA (2021) Environmental footprint assessment of a cleanup at hypothetical contaminated site. Appl Sci 11:4907. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114907
Kiersch K, Kruse J, Regier TZ, Leinweber P (2012) Temperature resolved alteration of soil organic matter composition during laboratory heating as revealed by C and N XANES spectroscopy and Py-FIMS. Thermochim Acta 537:36e43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.02.034
Kim SH, Han HY, Lee YJ, Kim CW, Yang JW (2010) Effect of electrokinetic remediation on indigenous microbial activity and community within diesel contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 408(16):3162–3168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.038
Ko I, Chang YY, Lee CH, Kim KW (2005) Assessment of pilot-scale acid washing of soil contaminated with As, Zn and Ni using the BCR three-step sequential extraction. J Hazard Mater 127:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.06.041
Kos B, Lestan D (2003) Induced phytoextraction/soil washing of lead using biodegradable chelate and permeable barriers. Environ Sci Technol 37:624–629. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0200793
Kristanti RA, Khanitchaidecha W, Taludar G, Karácsony P, Cao LT, Chen TW, Darwish NM, AlMunqedhi BM (2022) A review on thermal desorption treatment for soil contamination. Tropical Aquat Soil Pollut 2(1):45–58
Lee JK, Park D, Kim BU, Dong JI, Lee S (1998) Remediation of petroleum contaminated soils by fluidized thermal desorption. Waste Manag 18(6e8):503e507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(98)00135-4
Li CN, Lo CW, Su WC, Lai TY (2015) A study on soil and groundwater pollution remediation of the surrounding real estate prices and tax revenue impact. Sustainability 7(11):14618–14630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71114618
Liang T, Huo M, Yu L, Wang P, Zheng J, Zhang C, Wang D, Ding A, Li F (2023) Life cycle assessment-based decision-making for thermal remediation of contaminated soil in a regional perspective. J Clean Prod 392:136260
Lim MW, Von Lau E, Poh PE (2016) A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil e present works and future directions. Mar Pollut Bull 109:14e45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.023
Liu J, Chen T, Qi Z, Yan J, Buekens A, Li X (2014) Thermal desorption of PCBs from contaminated soil using nano zerovalent iron. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:12739–12746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3226-8
Liu J, Qi Z, Li X, Chen T, Buekens B, Yan J, Ni M (2015b) Effect of oxygen content on the thermal desorption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:12289–12297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4478-7
Liu J, Qi Z, Zhao Z, Li X, Buekens A, Yan J, Ni M (2015a) Thermal desorption of PCB-contaminated soil with sodium hydroxide. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:19538–19545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5136-9
Liu J, Zhang H, Yao Z, Li X, Tang J (2019) Thermal desorption of PCBs contaminated soil with calcium hydroxide in a rotary kiln. Chemosphere 220:1041e1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.031
Liu X, Wang Z, Liang H, Li Y, Liu T, Guo Q, Wang L, Yang Y, Chen N (2022) Solar-driven soil remediation along with the generation of water vapor and electricity. Nanomaterials 12:1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111800
Lobmann MT, Vetukuri RR, de Zinger L, Alsanius B, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Walter AJ (2016) The occurrence of pathogen suppressive soils in Sweden in relation to soil biota, soil properties, and farming practices. Appl Soil Ecol 107:57e65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.05.011
Lü H, Mo CH, Zhao HM, Xiang L, Katsoyiannis A, Li YW, Cai QY, Wong MH (2018) Soil contamination and sources of phthalates and its health risk in China: a review. Environ Res 164:417–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.013
Ma F, Peng C, Hou D, Wu B, Zhang Q, Li F, Gu Q (2015) Citric acid facilitated thermal treatment: an innovative method for the remediation of mercury contaminated soil. J Hazard Mater 300:546e552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.055
Ma F, Zhang Z, Xu D, Hou D, Li F, Gu W (2014) Mercury removal from contaminated soil by thermal treatment with FeCl3 at reduced temperature. Chemosphere 117:388e393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.012
Marani D, Braguglia CM, Mininni G, Maccioni F (2003) Behaviour of Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge incineration by fluidised bed furnace. Waste Manag 23:117e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00044-2
Mataix-Solera J, Guerrero C, García-Orenes F, Bárcenas GM, Torres MP (2009) Forest fire effects on soil microbiology. In: Cerdà A, Robichaud P (eds) Fire effects on soils and restoration strategies. Science Publishers, Inc., En field, New Hamp-shire USA, pp 133–175
McAlexander BL, Krembs FJ, Mendoza MC (2014) Treatability testing for weathered hydrocarbons in soils: bioremediation, soil washing, chemical oxidation, and thermal desorption. Soil Sediment Contam 24:882e897. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2015.1064088
Meers E, Tack FMG, Verloo MG (2008) Degradability of ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in metal contaminated soils: implications for its use soil remediation. Chemosphere 70:358–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.044
Merino J, Bucala V (2007) Effect of temperature on the release of hexadecane from soil by thermal treatment. J Hazard Mater 143(1):455e461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.050
Moon DH, Park JW, Koutsospyros A, Cheong KH, Chang YY, Baek K, Jo R, Park JH (2016) Assessment of soil washing for simultaneous removal of heavy metals and low-level petroleum hydrocarbons using various washing solutions. Environ Earth Sci 75(10):884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5690-6
Moon SY, Oh M, Jung J, Choi SI, Lee JY (2011) Assessment of soil washing efficiency for arsenic contaminated site adjacent to Jang Hang refinery. J Soil Groundw Environ 16:71–81. https://doi.org/10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.1.071
Mühlbachová G (2011) Soil microbial activities and heavy metal mobility in long-term contaminated soils after addition of EDTA and EDDS. Ecol Eng 37(7):1064–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.08.004
Nakamura T, Senior CL, Burns EG, Bell MD (2000) Solar-powered soil vapor extraction for removal of dense nonaqueous phase organics from soil. J Environ Sci Health Part A 35:795e816. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520009377004
Navarro A, Canadas I, Martinez D, Rodriguez J, Mendoza JL (2009) Application of solar thermal desorption to remediation of mercury-contaminated soils. Sol Energy 83:1405e1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.03.013
Navarro A, Canadas I, Rodríguez J (2014) Thermal treatment of mercury mine wastes using a rotary solar kiln. Minerals 37:51. https://doi.org/10.3390/min4010037
Navarro A, Cardellach E, Canadas I, Rodríguez J (2013) Solar thermal vitrification of mining contaminated soils. Int J Miner Process 119:65e74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2012.12.002
Nellemann C, MacDevette M, Manders T, Eickhout B, Svihus B, Prins AG, Kaltenborn BP (2009) The environmental food crisis – the environment’s role in averting future food crises. In: A UNEP rapid response assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal
Nordmark D, Kumpiene J, Andreas L, Lagerkvist A (2011) Mobility and fractionation of arsenic, chromium and copper in thermally treated soil. Waste Manag Res 29:2e12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X10382819
Nowack B, Sigg L (1996) Adsorption of EDTA and metal-EDTA complexes onto goethite. J Colloid Interface Sci 177(1):106–121. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0011
Pape A, Switzer C, McCosh N, Knapp CW (2015) Impacts of thermal and smouldering remediation on plant growth and soil ecology. Geoderma 243e244:1e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.12.004
Qi Z, Chen T, Bai S, Yan M, Lu S, Buekens B, Yan J, Bulmău C, Li X (2014) Effect of temperature and particle size on the thermal desorption of PCBs from contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:4697–4704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2392-4
Ren J, Song X, Ding D (2020) Sustainable remediation of diesel-contaminated soil by low temperature thermal treatment: improved energy efficiency and soil reusability. Chemosphere 241:124952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124952
Rodríguez-Eugenio N, McLaughlin M, Pennock D (2018) Soil pollution: a hidden reality. FAO, Rome, p 142
Roh Y, Edwards NT, Lee SY, Stiles CA, Armes S, Foss JE (2000) Thermal treated soil for mercury removal: soil and phytotoxicity tests. J Environ Qual 29:415e424. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020007x
Sakaguchi I, InoueY NS, Kojima Y, Sasai R, Sawada K, Suzuki K, Takenaka C, Katayama A (2014) Assessment of soil remediation technologies by comparing health risk reduction and potential impacts using unified index, disability-adjusted life years. Clean Technol Environ Policy 17(6):1663e1670
Schloter M, Dilly O, Munch JC (2003) Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agric Ecosyst Environ 98:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00085-9
Schulten HR, Leinweber P (1999) Thermal stability and composition of mineral-bound organic matter in density fractions of soil. Eur J Soil Sci 50:545–547. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00241.x
Sheldon RA (2014) Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: State of the art. Green Chem 16:950. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41935E
Sierra MJ, Millan R, Lopez FA, Alguacil FJ, Canadas I (2016) Sustainable remediation of mercury contaminated soils by thermal desorption. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(4898):4907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5688-8
Simon JA (2020) Best management practices for sustainable remediation. In: Hou D (ed) Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817982-6.00004-5
Spadaro JV, Rabl A (2004) Pathway analysis for population-total health impacts of toxic metal emissions. Risk Anal 24:1121–1141
Stegemeier GL, Vinegar HJ (2001) Thermal conduction heating for in-situ thermal desorption of soils. In: Oh CH (ed) Hazardous and radioactive waste treatment technologies handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 4.6-1–4.6-37
Tatano F, Felici F, Mangani F (2013) Lab-scale treatability tests for the thermal desorption of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Soil Sediment Contam 22:433e456. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2013.721814
Terefe T, Mariscal-Sancho I, Peregrina F, Espejo R (2008) Influence of heating on various properties of six Mediterranean soils. A laboratory study. Geoderma 143:273e280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.018
Thekdi A, Nimbalkar SU (2015) Industrial waste heat recovery-potential applications. In: Available technologies and crosscutting R&D opportunities (No. ORNL/TM–2014/622). Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL), Oak Ridge. https://doi.org/10.2172/1185778
Udovic M, Lestan D (2012) EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: remediation efficiency and soil impact. Chemosphere 88:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.040
UN—United Nations (2015) Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. In: A/RES/70/1 Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015; UN General Assembly, New York, NY, USA, pp 1–41
Vaccari M, Brioni F, Collivignarelli C (2005) Experimental study concerning the extraction of cadmium and lead from a contaminated soil by chelating agents. In: Proceedings of ConSoil 9th International FZK/TNO Conference on Soil-Water Systems, Bordeaux, France
Vaccari M, Collivignarelli MC, Canato M (2012) Reuse of hydrocarbon-contaminated sludge from soil washing process: issues and perspectives. Chem Eng Trans 28:169–174
Van der Voort M, Kempenaar M, van Driel M, Raaijmakers JM, Mendes R (2016) Impact of soil heat on reassembly of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere microbiome and plant disease suppression. Ecol Lett 19:375e382. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12567
Vidonish JE, Zygourakis K, Masiello CA, Gao X, Mathieu J, Alvarez PJJ (2016a) Pyrolytic treatment and fertility enhancement of soils contaminated with heavy hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 50:2498e2506. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02620
Vidonish JE, Zygourakis K, Masiello CA, Sabadell G, Alvarez PJJ (2016b) Thermal treatment of hydrocarbon-impacted soils: a review of technology innovation for sustainable remediation. Engineering 2:426–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.005
Wan X, Lei M, Yang J, Chen T (2020) Three-year field experiment on the risk reduction, environmental merit, and cost assessment of four in situ remediation technologies for metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural soil. Environ Pollut 266(3):115193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115193
Wang G, Zhang S, Xu X, Zhong Q, Zhang C, Jia Y, Li T, Deng O, Li Y (2016) Heavy metal removal by GLDA washing: optimization, redistribution, recycling, and changes in soil fertility. Sci Total Environ 569–570:557–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.155
Wang J, Zhan X, Zhou L, Lin Y (2010) Biological indicators capable of assessing thermal treatment efficiency of hydrocarbon mixture-contaminated soil. Chemosphere 80:837e844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.009
Wang L, Gao H, Wang M, Xue J (2022a) Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by ball milling and reuse as heavy metal adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 424:127305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127305
Wang Q, Guo S, Ali M, Song X, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Luo Y (2022b) Thermally enhanced bioremediation: a review of the fundamentals and applications in soil and groundwater remediation. J Hazard Mater 433:128749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128749
Wang S, Mulligan CN (2009) Rhamnolipid biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing for the removal of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings. Process Biochem 44(3):296–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2008.11.006
Wang Y, Ma F, Zhang Q, Peng C, Wu B, Li F, Gu Q (2017) An evaluation of different soil washing solutions for remediating arsenic-contaminated soils. Chemosphere 173:368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.068
Wang Z, Wang H, Wang H, Li Q, Li Y (2020) Effect of soil washing on heavy metal removal and soil quality: a two-sided coin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 203:110981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110981
Wu P, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Xu H, Owens G (2022) Boosting extraction of Pb in contaminated soil via interfacial solar evaporation of multifunctional sponge. Green Energy Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gee.2022.03.002
Xiao R, Ali A, Wang P, Li R, Tian X, Zhang Z (2019) Comparison of the feasibility of different washing solutions for combined soil washing and phytoremediation for the detoxification of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn)in contaminated soil. Chemosphere 230:510–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.121
Yasutaka T, Zhang H, Murayama K, Hama Y, Tsukada Y, Furukawa Y (2016) Development of a green remediation tool in Japan. Sci Total Environ 563:813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.018
Yi Y, Kim G, Sung K (2013) Effects of soil remediation methods on the biological properties of soils. J Soil Groundw Environ 18:73–81
Yi YM, Oh CT, Kim GJ, Lee CH, Sung KJ (2012) Changes in the physicochemical properties of soil according to soil remediation methods. J Soil Groundw Environ 17:36–43
Yi YM, Park S, Munster C, Kim G, Sung K (2016) Changes in ecological properties of petroleum oil-contaminated soil after low-temperature thermal desorption treatment. Water Air Soil Pollut 227:108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2804-4
Yi YM, Sung S (2015) Influence of washing treatment on the qualities of heavy metal contaminated soil. Ecol Eng 81:89–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.034
Yoo JC, Lee C, Lee JS, Baek K (2017) Simultaneous application of chemical oxidation and extraction processes is effective at remediating soil Co-contaminated with petroleum and heavy metals. J Environ Manag 186:314–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.016
Yuan S, Tian M, Lu X (2006) Microwave remediation of soil contaminated with hexachlorobenzene. J Hazard Mater 137(2):878e885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.005
Zabaleta I, Bizkarguenaga E, Nunoo DBO, Schultes L, Leonel J, Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Benskin JP (2018) Biodegradation and uptake of the pesticide sulfluramid in a soil-carrot mesocosm. Environ Sci Technol 52(5):2603–2611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03876
Zhai X, Li Z, Huang B, Luo N, Huang M, Zhang Q, Zeng G (2018) Remediation of multiple heavy metal-contaminated soil through the combination of soil washing and in situ immobilization. Sci Total Environ 635:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.119
Zhao L, Hou H, Shimoda K, Terada A, Hosomi M (2012) Formation pathways of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in sediments contaminated with PCBs during the thermal desorption process. Chemosphere 88:1368e1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.042
Zupanc V, Kastelec D, Lestan D, Grcman H (2014) Soil physical characteristics after EDTA washing and amendment with inorganic and organic additives. Environ Pollut 186:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.027
Funding
This work was supported by the Brixiambiente Srl company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Roya Biabani: data curation, writing—original draft preparation, methodology, writing, and review. Piero Ferrari and Mentore Vaccari: methodology, review, and editing. All authors participated in the process of draft completion. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The work does not involve any hazards, such as the use of animal or human subjects’ issue.
Consent to participate
This is not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors have informed and consented to publication.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Biabani, R., Ferrari, P. & Vaccari, M. Best management practices for minimizing undesired effects of thermal remediation and soil washing on soil properties. A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 103480–103495 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29656-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29656-6