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Occurrence and removal of fecal bacteria and microbial source tracking markers in a stormwater detention basin overlying the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone in Texas

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Abstract

The Edwards Aquifer is the primary water resource for over 2 million people in Texas and faces challenges including fecal contamination of water recharging the aquifer, while effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs) such as detention basins in mitigating fecal pollution remains poorly understood. For this study, the inlet and outlet of a detention basin overlying the aquifer’s recharge zone were sampled following storm events using automated samplers. Microbial source tracking and culture-based methods were used to determine the occurrence and removal of fecal genetic markers and fecal coliform bacteria in collected water samples. Markers included E. coli (EC23S857), Enterococcus (Entero1), human (HF183), canine (BacCan), and bird (GFD). Fecal coliforms, EC23S857, and Entero1 were detected following each storm event. GFD was the most frequent host-associated marker detected (91% of samples), followed by BacCan (46%), and HF183 (17%). Wilcoxon signed rank tests indicated significantly lower outlet concentrations for fecal coliforms, EC23S857, and Entero1, but not for HF183, GFD, and BacCan. Higher GFD and BacCan outlet concentrations may be due to factors independent of basin design, such as the non-point source nature of bird fecal contamination and domestic dog care practices in neighborhoods contributing to the basin. Mann–Whitney tests showed marker concentrations were not significantly higher during instances of fecal coliform water quality criterion exceedance, except for E. coli, and that fecal coliform concentrations were not significantly different based on marker detection. Overall, results suggest that the detention basin is effective in attenuating fecal contamination associated with fecal coliforms and the general markers, but not for host-associated markers. Consequently, management efforts should focus on mitigating dog and bird-associated fecal pollution in the study region.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the City of San Antonio Transportation and Public Works Departments for providing access to the study site.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) Internal Research and Development Program (Project Number 15-R6229) and the City of San Antonio (Proposition 1 Edwards Aquifer Protection Projects).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and Construction Management, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA

    Mauricio Eduardo Flores, Arash Jafarzadeh, Sina Vedadi Moghadam, Kiran Kumar Vadde, Dipti Anik Dhar & Vikram Kapoor

  2. Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX, 78238, USA

    Mauricio Eduardo Flores & Rebecca R. Nunu

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Mauricio Eduardo Flores, Sina Vedadi Moghadam, Arash Jafarzadeh, and Vikram Kapoor. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mauricio Eduardo Flores, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vikram Kapoor.

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Flores, M.E., Jafarzadeh, A., Moghadam, S.V. et al. Occurrence and removal of fecal bacteria and microbial source tracking markers in a stormwater detention basin overlying the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone in Texas. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 103836–103850 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29636-w

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