Abstract
As per statistical estimations, we have only around 100 years of uranium life in terrestrial ores. In contrast, seawater has viable uranium resources that can secure the future of energy. However, to achieve this, environmental challenges need to be overcome, such as low uranium concentration (3.3 ppb), fouling of adsorbents, uranium speciation, oceanic temperature, and competition between elements for the active site of adsorbent (such as vanadium which has a significant influence on uranium adsorption). Furthermore, the deployability of adsorbent under seawater conditions is a gigantic challenge; hence, leaching-resistant stable adsorbents with good reusability and high elution rates are extremely needed. Powdered (nanostructured) adsorbents available today have limitations in fulfilling these requirements. An increase in the grafting density of functional ligands keeping in view economic sustainability is also a major obstacle but a necessity for high uranium uptake. To cope with these challenges, researchers reported hundreds of adsorbents of different kinds, but amidoxime-based polymeric adsorbents have shown some remarkable advantages and are considered the benchmark in uranium extraction history; they have a high affinity for uranium because of electron donors in their structure, and their amphoteric nature is responsible for effective uranium chelation under a wide range of pH. In this review, we have mainly focused on recent developments in uranium extraction from seawater through amidoxime-based adsorbents, their comparative analysis, and problematic factors that are needed to be considered for future research.
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Abbreviations
- RIGP:
-
Radiation-induced graft polymerization
- ATRP:
-
Atom transfer radical polymerization
- JAEA:
-
Japan atomic energy agency
- UES:
-
Uranium extraction from seawater
- PAO:
-
Poly-amidoxime
- MOFs:
-
Metal-organic frameworks
- AgNPs:
-
Silver nanoparticles
- AFPs:
-
Amidoxime-functionalized polymers
- IPN:
-
Interpenetrating network
- PAAM:
-
poly(acrylamide)
- PNM:
-
Porous network membrane
- CIGP:
-
Ce4+ initiated graft polymerization
- AN:
-
Acrylonitrile
- AA:
-
Acrylic acid
- COF:
-
Covalent organic framework
- GDC:
-
Graphene oxide aerogel
- MNPs:
-
Magnetic nanoparticles
- POF:
-
Porous organic framework
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Abbottabad University of Science and Technology for their endless support of this study. Zia Ahmad is a post-doctoral fellow at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zahid Hussain is the recipient of the CAS-TWAS President’s Fellowship Program.
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Bilal Ahmed and Zia Ahmad wrote the whole manuscript. Amina Khatoon, Iqra khan, Nusrat Shaheen, and Attiya Abdul Malik conceived the idea and critically analyzed the data. Zahid Hussain and Muhammad Ali Khan supervised and revised the complete manuscript.
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Ahmed, ., Ahmad, Z., Khatoon, A. et al. Recent developments and challenges in uranium extraction from seawater through amidoxime-functionalized adsorbents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 103496–103512 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29589-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29589-0