Abstract
The most common alternative for the management and valorization of rice processing waste is the combustion of rice husk (RH) for energy generation. The environmental risk assessment of the ash generated during the combustion of the RH to obtain energy has remained understudied. Disposal of rice husk ash (RHA) on agricultural land is the most common outcome, which could pose a risk to both natural ecosystems and human health. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical composition and the phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of RHA obtained from three distinct combustion processes. The evaluation processes were 800–900 °C in up to 5 min (I), 800–900 °C in 15–20 min (II), and 600–700 °C in 15–20 min (III). Furthermore, the content, pH, and concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, and Ti present in the ashes were determined. The germination index for two vegetable seeds was subsequently evaluated. By measuring the mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal aberrations, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were determined. It was observed that RHA produced by combustion of RH at higher combustion temperatures for an extended period exhibited different physicochemical properties, in addition to higher levels of phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity.
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The authors thank CAPES and CNPq for their financial support.
Funding
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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Conceptualization: João Nelci Brandalise, Érico Kunde Corrêa, Vera Lucia Bobrowski Methodology: João Nelci Brandalise, Érico Kunde Corrêa
Formal analysis and investigation: João Nelci Brandalise, Lucas Lourenço Castiglioni Guidoni, Gabriel Afonso Martins, Maicon Nardino, Emanoelli Restane Lopes
Writing—original draft preparation: João Nelci Brandalise, Érico Kunde Corrêa, Lucas Lourenço Castiglioni Guidoni
Writing—review and editing: Willian Cezar Nadaleti, Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Jr, Thomaz Lucia Jr
Funding acquisition: Érico Kunde Corrêa
Resources: João Nelci Brandalise, Érico Kunde Corrêa
Supervision: Érico Kunde Corrêa
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Brandalise, J.N., Guidoni, L.L.C., Martins, G.A. et al. Environmental implications of combustion of rice husk at high temperatures and for an extended period for energy generation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 102222–102230 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29588-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29588-1