Abstract
Brake wear emission is a significant contributor to vehicle-related particulate matter, especially in areas with high traffic density and braking frequency. Only recently, non-exhaust emissions from car brake wear have been regulated under Euro 7 regulation, which introduces emission limits for both brake and tires. It also introduces a standard brake particle assessment procedure which includes sampling procedure and measurement techniques defined in the Global Technical Regulation on brakes from light-duty vehicles up to 3.5 t. Over the years, various experimental setups have been tried leading to non-comparable results. The brake wear particle emissions, expressed as emission factors, are mostly estimated as particle mass or particle number and described using different units (e.g., mg/stop brake, mg/km brake; particle number/cm3) making the comparison between studies very difficult. The aim of the present literature review is to present the state-of-the-art of different experimental methods tuned for assessing brake wear emissions, including electric vehicles. The experiments are carried in close, semi-closed, and open systems, and depending on the experimental design, different sampling methods are applied to reduce particle transport loss and guarantee the efficiency of the particle sampling. Driving condition (e.g., speed and applied pressure), formulation of brake materials, and friction temperature have been found to strongly affect the emission characteristics of brake particles, and this needs to be considered when designing study procedures. The findings reported in this review can be beneficial to policy makers and researchers.
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Data availability
All data analyzed during this review are available in the published research papers cited in this review. No additional datasets were generated or analyzed.
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Funding
This research has received funding from the European Union under the LIFE program, specifically from the RE-BREATH (REduction of Break weaR Emissions in the Transport sector) project with the reference LIFE21-ENV-IT-RE-BREATH/101074269 and acronym: LIFE21-ENV-IT-RE-BREATH.
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The study was conceived of and designed by Ettore Guerriero and Valerio Paolini. Maria Luisa Feo served as the first author and was responsible for data collection, analysis, and the initial draft of the manuscript. Marco Torre and Patrizio Tratzi also contributed to the data analysis and writing of manuscript sections. In addition, Francesca Battistelli, Laura Tomassetti, and Francesco Petracchini contributed to the study design and data collection. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.
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Feo, M.L., Torre, M., Tratzi, P. et al. Laboratory and on-road testing for brake wear particle emissions: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 100282–100300 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29229-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29229-7